Respect in the Military - 5062 Words

Respect Respect, especially in the Army is a very important value to live by. It is much more than just talking kindly and listening to someone. It is the process of taking into consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and needs. You must also focus on their ideas, thoughts, and preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and acknowledge that you are tracking them and that you comprehend and believe in what they are saying, It is important to allow someone to feel your respect for them. It will ease the conversation and create trust. Behavior and attitude will allow the person demanding respect to feel that respect. When we†¦show more content†¦If a higher-ranking soldier is talking to you, you stand in the correct body position—parade rest or attention--and you listen to what they have to say. Make respect an overall attitude. It is not simply a thing given to a person after they have proven themselves but rather it is earned. Respect is something that many people would do many things to have. Some would die for it (i.e. Samurai warriors back in ancient Japan—they would take their own lives before the enemies took their lives). Some would endure endless pain and suffering if they thought others would respect them for it; think people being tortured rather than divulge top-secret information. This often holds true here in the military. During our ‘smoke’ sessions, we often see others outperform each other and make a competition out of it, just to earn respect. People see who can last the longest, who can take the most pressure. Gangs and cults are the same way. They go through pain in order to look tough and earn respect. They even jump each other into the gangs. This means they get beat up by numerous people just to prove their toughness. To me, this is ridiculous. If someone cannot respect you for whom you are, than they are not worth the time and effort of earning their respect. I understand that you must prove yourself, but there are easier ways of doing so. In the case of many of us military personnel, there is a mix of importance placed on respect. Some people, like myself, depend only on freely givenShow MoreRelatedRespect in the Military5071 Words   |  21 PagesRespect Respect, especially in the Army is a very important value to live by. It is much more than just talking kindly and listening to someone. It is the process of taking into consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and needs. You must also focus on their ideas, thoughts, and preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and acknowledge that you are tracking them and that you comprehendRead MoreRespect in the Military1183 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this essay is to further my knowledge of the Army NCO support channel, chain of command and why we as Soldiers use them. It is also to inform the parties that may be what I feel loyalty, dedicated service and also my interpretation of Military bearing and Discipline. I am explaining the importance of obeying a lawful order from an NCO and performing that order in a timely manner. The NCO support channel is designed to be subo rdinate to and supportive of the chain of command. The NCO supportRead MoreMilitary Respect and Disrespect1438 Words   |  6 PagesI am here to explain what military discipline, military respect, and disrespect are and the history behind these acts are. I will first give the definitions of military discipline; which is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. ay look at you, Discipline helps to complete certain jobs/instructions efficiently and correctly. in the military it is used to train people so that they are good at their job/career as they have improved due to discipline. Disrespect to a Non-CommissionedRead MoreRespect in the Military Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesRespect in the Military It has been said that military standards are higher than the country demands of its president. And that is true. President Clinton lied under oath. Perhaps that is not perjury, but an army officer could not do that. Nor could army personnel have extramarital affairs. Kelly Flynn found that out when she lost her position in the Air Force and years of pilot training went down the drain. But for the Commander in Chief, it is another story. While it is true that theRead MoreMilitary Bearing, Respect and Discipline1989 Words   |  8 PagesMILITARY BEARING, DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT The United States Army is structured on several values and principles that it upholds, among these are military bearing, discipline and respect. These principles represents what the organization strongly believes in and governs the most basic customs and courtesies that all its members should abide by, otherwise legal repercussion and punishment is enforced that could ultimately result in separation from the organization. According to Field Manual 6-22Read MoreRespect and Integrity in the Military Essay2636 Words   |  11 PagesRespect and integrity, what really do those mean? I could look up those words in the Oxford English Dictionary or Websters, or Dictionary.com and give a scientific, perscise and exact answer to these words. And while that tells you what they mean, does that really give their meaning. Well by Dictionary.coms standards respect is a noun that means to hold in esteem or honor, and to show regard or consideration for. And Dictionary.com says that integrity means an adherence to moral and ethical principles;Read MoreMilitary Discipline and Respect for Authority Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY Discipline is used in the civilian world as of coarse the military world. As a basic everyone is expected to address everyone by their proper tittles. In the Army, saluting is to show respect toward an officer, flag, or our country. When talking to an officer, stand at the position of attention unless given the order â€Å"at ease†. discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self control, character, and efficiency. Discipline is theRead MoreRespect: Military and Orders Essay examples1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Following Orders. Why is it important to follow orders and instructions? From a military standpoint the difference can mean life or death for a soldier. On the civilian side it can mean the loss of your job, loss of position, or loss of pay. There are many factors that play into each individual scenario. No two events are ever the same and the outcome can range from a verbal reprimand to the death of the individual. Orders are meant to be obeyed both explicitly and implicitlyRead MoreCorrective Essay: Military Bearing and Respect857 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Field Manual 6-22, â€Å"Military Bearing is defined as having or projecting a commanding presence and a professional image of authority†. The United States Army is structured on several values and principles that it upholds, among these are military bearing, discipline and respect. Leaders should be able to make these big decisions with all his confidence projecting out with his military bearing. A leader should look like a leader, disciplined, confident, and has the skills and abilitiesRead MoreEssay about Customs and courtesies1003 Words   |  5 Pagesthose being respect. Relying on the golden rule, â€Å"How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization.† I believe this is an extremely important value to live by each and every day. As a soldier I pledged to treat others with dignity and respect while expecting others to do the same. Respect is what allows us to appreciate the best in others. Respect is trusting that all people have done their jobs and fulfilled their duty. And self-respect is an important

The Similarities Between Classical Music and Ellingtons...

One of the greatest tragedies in the 20th century can be seen in the debasing of the Jazz genre as a unworthy equal to it’s predecessor, European Classical music. This can be seen in various statements about Jazz, such as Boris Gibalin commit, â€Å"The â€Å"Jazz Mania† has taken on the character of a lingering illness and must be cured by means of forceful intervention.†1 This conflict can be traced through out the history of Jazz, as Classical composers have relatively disregarded this new type of music. Before Duke Ellington’s Cotton Club performances, Jazz play on the radio was delegated for late night audience only. This sub-culture treatment has led many critics to disregard the Jazz movement as a dance craze, or unsuccessful†¦show more content†¦Complete artistic improvisational is only accomplished by the single performer, but â€Å"Yet the moment a group or a collective improvisational steps in some relatively simple and more or less in flexible convention becomes essential if mere chaos is to be kept at bay.†3 This is why Duke Ellington’s Orchestra played such an integrate role in his development of musical scores. It is here that we see the originality of Duke Ellington, for in his tailoring a piece around the performer, he created the impression of pure interpretations within the framework of structure. As Duke once said, â€Å"Another theory they hold is that there is such thing as a unadulterated improvisation without any preparation or anticipation. It is my firm belief that there has never been anyone who has blown even two bars worth listening to who didn’t have some idea what he was going to play, before he started†4 This is an important aspect to bear in mind for this argument, for the mistake that Classical critics make is this distortion of the improvisational aspect to such extremes that one would believe that no compositional writing takes place. While obviously some improvi sation happens in Jazz assembles, it is not that extreme, and in Ellington’s case this improvisation of certain musicians was actually written in the piece. â€Å"Ellington work is centered on the interplay between written and improvised music.†5 As one can see both types of composers utilize their musicians toShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities Between Classical Music and Ellingtons Jazz2455 Words   |  10 Pagesdebasing of the Jazz genre as a unworthy equal to its predecessor, European Classical music. This can be seen in various statements about Jazz, such as Boris Gibalin commit, The Jazz Mania has taken on the character of a lingering illness and must be cured by means of forceful intervention.1 This conflict can be traced through out the history of Jazz, as Classical composers have relatively disregarded this new type of music. Before Duke Ellingtons Cotton Club performances, Jazz play on the radioRead MoreEssay on Charles Mingus in the 1950s3762 Words   |  16 PagesMingus in the 1950s Charles Mingus is one of the most original and influential jazz composers of the twentieth century. He created the second-largest volume of jazz work after Duke Ellington (McDonough 20), and is the first African-American composer to have his work acquired by the Library of Congress (Harrington B1). Mingus is known for his unusual style of composing and playing, which attempted to reconcile jazz improvisation with orchestration, in order for the final composition to conform most

Sources of Law free essay sample

Explain the different sources of Law in England. The legal system in the UK has expanded over many centuries and has also changed regularly during this period. The present UK law consists of four major sources that include the Interpretation of Statues (Acts of Parliament), Common Law, European law and European Court of Human Rights. ‘These sources of Law have all one common element, influenced by political, social and technological change. ’ (Open University, Block 1, Pg 89). This essay will focus on two sources of law, Statue Law and Common Law Statue Law is made by Parliament, i. . the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. Proposals for legislation Bills are presented to debate by and voted upon by the House of Common and the House of Lords, finally receiving the assent of the Monarch and thus becoming Acts (Statutes) of Parliament. ‘Acts of Parliament can originate from a number of sources; for example a national emergency, crisis or developmen t. ’ The Anti Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. This Act was introduced after the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on 11th September 2001’. Another source may derive from ‘Private Member’s Bill’ members of parliament have the authority to introduce their own legislations, an example being ‘The Marriage Act 1994’ this legislation allows people to marry in any registered place other than a Registry Office or religious building’. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 96 and 98). Parliament also has the authority to delegate the task of making laws to someone else this is referred to as ‘delegated legislation’ an example of delegated legislation ‘Byelaws’. Byelaws can be created by councils/local authorities where there is no ‘general legislation’ in place, a typical ‘byelaw’ would be the Greater London Authority Act 1999, section 385(1) this ‘byelaw’ was created to secure the proper management and preservation of Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square Garden (Open University, Block 1, Pg 114,116). Moving on, to look at Common law, Common law is a type of legal system that relies on precedents developed by judges and court cases. The most important concept of a common law system is that cases that are considered to be similar in circumstance to prior cases should result in the same ruling by the court. It is sometimes referred to as case law because it is built upon the results of individual cases. Judges use various rules to interpret legislation, the literal rule, the golden rule, the mischief rule and the purposive approach, looking closely at; the literal rule – as it suggests means that the judge will interpret the words of the Act literally, even if the outcome is unjustified or immoral. The literal rule has been used in numerous cases, such as  Fisher v Bell  [1960] 3 All ER 731. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 181). The golden rule is in effect an alteration of the literal rule. Like the literal rule, they follow the meaning of the words in the Act literally, the golden rule corrects what the judge believes to be an absurd result as in the case of Adler v George [1964] 1 All ER 628. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 182) Advantages/Disadvantages Statue Law/Common Law. Statute law has both advantages and disadvantages; one advantage is the thought that Parliament are more in touch with the outside law than judges. This means that a public opinion is taken into account. Another is that Parliament is free to make law points straight away, rather than waiting for a case to come along. This way, Parliament helps to fill in the gaps of case and common law. 2) Discuss the operation of precendent. The operation of precedent is where the past decisions of the judges create law for future judges to follow. This system relies on the hierarchy of the courts. Every court is bound to follow any decision made by a court higher in the hierarchy and in general appellate courts are bound to follow their own decisions. At the top of the hierarchy is the European Court of Justice, this court only has jurisdiction over some areas of the law such as European law. One main feature of the European Court of Justice is that it will overrule its own decisions if it feels necessary a decision made by the European Court of Justice is binding over all courts in England and Wales. The next court in the hierarchy is The House of Lords which is the most senior court in England and Wales. The House of Lords is not bound by its own decisions, but it will generally follow them. All courts in England and Wales are bound by the House of Lords decision. Following the House of Lords is the Court of Appeal, of which there are two divisions: criminal and civil. The two divisions must follow the decisions made by the House of Lords and the European Court of Justice; they must also follow their own decisions although there are limited exceptions to this rule. Below the Court of Appeal are the divisional courts (Queens Bench Division, Chancery Division and Family Division). The divisional courts have to follow their own decisions but again there are a few exceptions. Below the divisional courts are the High Court. The High Court has to follow all precedents of the higher courts and it binds the lower courts, it does not have to follow decisions but I generally does so. Judicial precedent refers to the source of common law where past decisions of judges create law for future judges t follow. This source is a major source of law both historically and today. The English system of precedent is based upon the Latin phrase; maxim stare decisis et non quieta movere (usually just stare decisis). This translated means; stand by what has been decided and do not unsettle the established. This supports the idea of fairness and certainty in the law. The basic idea is that the higher courts bind the lower courts. The European Court of Justice bounds all English courts and is not bound by its own past decisions. The House Of Lords is binding on all other courts and is bound by all its past decisions, this was true until 1966 when the practice statement was introduced allowing the court not to be bound by its own past decisions if it seas necessary. So previous decisions normally are normally binding unless it appears right not to in a particular case, few cases use the practice statement, as there is a need for certainty. An example of this is the cases of British Railways Board v Herrington (1972), followed by R v R (1991) and Hall v Simons (2000). dvantages and Disadvantages of Statute Law Advantages Parliaments are elected because they have policies people want. Therefore, their laws are likely to be closer to what people want. A Judge might not be in touch with the ideas of ordinary people. Parliament is elected, and it could be said, has the right to make laws. A Judicial Precedent is normally only about one point – an Act of Parliament covers a whole range of things and is therefore more thorough. Disadvantages Acts of Parliament often use difficult language and a lot of time in a case can be spent arguing about what they mean. It takes a long tome to pass an Act of Parliament – the process is slow Advantages and disadvantages of judicial precedent Advantages Because of the hierarchy of courts, it is easier for lawyers to be aware of Precedents and can advise their clients before the go to court. There are opportunities for the law to grow and change. Precedents mean that there is incredible detail in the law (about half a million reported cases). Having examples from before means that it makes it easier to make a good decision. Disadvantages Some courts, particularly the House of Lords is unwilling to overrule old decisions, even when most Law Lords think they are wrong. . The law is slow to change, because it only changes in response to cases coming up

Parenting Styles free essay sample

Reflection Paper. Mr. and Mrs. Harsh Heart believe in the importance of stern discipline and impose strict rules that they expect their children to obey without question. They penalize behavior hars hly, frequently with spanking. Mr. and Mrs. Easygoing do not use punishment to enforce their rules and believe in natural consequences teaching lessons and setting limits on behavior. They have regular fam ily meetings with their children to discuss household rules and their importance to the family dynamic s. These styles of parenting have their advantages and disadvantages. There are ethical and unethical ssues when it comes to discipline with punishment styles as well. The advantages and disadvantages of The Harsh Heart family can lead to positive outcomes and horrible. The Harsh family would be the authoritarian style of parenting. This styl e would be the old fashioned style. This style believes in the usual strict rules with no question. We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequ ences are harsher than normal when looked at the situation. Strict parents hold their students to high standards in academics. The parents dema nd perfect grades from their children and the children most of the time live to those expectation . Strict parents may use the academic performance as a guideline for other activities, such as the childre n will be limited in other fun activities if they do not excel in their school work. The children tend not to s lack off on school work to keep other activities available. Strict parent usually install more confidence in their children. They dont only discipline their children but teach them the importance of discipline. The children become more morally strong and realise that their decisions in life have consequenc es that they must encounter. In a slack, less strict, permissive environment a child can become selfish. A strict family tends to make it equal because the children have to do work Just as the parents do such as chores in the household. The idea of a teamwork is introduced to the child and will become a part of his lifestyle. Kristofor Cooper 2 The downfalls of strict parenting are Just as strong as the good outcomes of strict par enting. The children can become rebellious, if the parents are Just strict but do not allow much or high expectations or do not guide their children, the children may not learn right from wrong themselve . The child may simply Just behave when parents are around. Some strict parents are not open to ide as and forget to communicate with their children. Which give their children communication problems . The child will feel less confident and more insecure. The feelings of the child wont be expressed becau se he may believe his feelings will be criticized or punished. The children will need someone to confide in and the parent may not be available for this role. Studies of Spanish and Brazilian adolescents have reported that teens from authoritarian homes had lower self steem than did teens from authoritative or permissive families (Martinez and Garcia 2007; Martinez and Garcia 2008). Secrets and lies manifest wit hin the relationship between the child and parent. When children are under the pressure of strict rules, they learn how to avoid punishment through lies and deceit. This leads to lying about plac es they are going and friends they hang out with and also activities they do. Sometimes the child in a st rict household does not learn to ma ke responsible situations because the decision was always made for t hem. This can lead o dangerous outcomes and wrongful guidance because they lack the ability to think i ndependently. Sometimes with strict discipline the idea that the person with the most power is alwa ys right can take place within the child and thus he should obey whoever that is or even he may be th e leader of that relationship. As the person grows he may question the authority and be unlikely to ta ke responsibility of his actions and be a victim of peer pressure. Bullying is also another outcome of stric t parenting. Children raised in a strict home become very angry and aggressive. A strict parent m y lack empathy. They dont establish why these rules are there. They Just present the rules and you m ust follow without question. This leads to the child become frustrated in these conditions. A bully is a m Dep 2004 3 relationship between parent and child. The child may be afraid of his parent, and the refore obeys. If a parent yells and uses force on the child, the child may turn to those actions with othe r people. The advantages and disadvantages of the Easygoing family can lead to various outco mes as well. The Easygoing family seems to be an authoritative family. The difference would e that they involve the children in the rules and are open to suggestions and ideas. The children have a voice in this household. The authoritative family is one of the better ways to raise a child in my opinion. They know when step in with discipline and apply the right amount and do not go overboard with the penalty. These parents are flexible and easy to approach even if the child is shy or loudspoken. These parents are stern through love and authority. They install the ability to compromise in the children and the children also become flexible. The parents arent monsters ut they are not pushovers as well. They are more of a mixture of the two and become firm and very reasonable which allows them and the children to communicate better. The parents and children from rules which are reasonable, fair and flexible depending on the lifestyle of both people. These parents listen to the child emotions as well, he knows that the relationship is mutual and respectable. The parent is encouraging the child and allows the child to become responsible be allowing them to make their own decisions. The relationship between the parent and child is healthy, warm, friendly and espectful and knows the right approach to handling disputes and disagreements. The parent does not offend the emotions of the child, yet they understand and become a shoulder for the child to lean on. This creates a sense of security, which lets them know what ever the problem they will always be loved and accepted for the mistakes and circumstances. The authoritative parents understand the need for change and thus flex the freedoms to meet the childs growing sense of autonomy. This helps the children develop into mature, responsible and trustworthy 4 individuals. Because of the connection

Japan free essay sample

In Kawabatas Snow Country, a central theme has been focused on wasted effort. Throughout the novel, the phrase wasted effort from Shimamura has been recurring. The notion of performing a task without it having a definite purpose or end seems futile to Shimamura. Shimamura focuses on Komakos wasted efforts throughout the novel, yet does not really look to his own.The first time which wasted effort was mentioned, was when Komako was describing to Shimamura of her diary. Komako describes that in her diary she lists the character relations and minor details of each book she read, when asked about the purpose for doing such a thing Komako simply replies, None at all. To which Shimamura retorted, A waste of effort. (41). In this example, it seems that Shimamura perceives wasted effort as doing something without purpose. It appears pointless to him that Komako listed what she had previously read, yet this small activity gives Komako joy and brings her to the days in which she lived in Tokyo. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second time that wasted effort was mentioned was when he found out that Komako might be Yukios fiancà ©, where Shimamura thinks, If Komako was the mans fiancà ©e, and Yoko was his new lover, and the man was going to die—the expression wasted effort again came to Shimamuras mind. For Komako thus to guard her promise to the end, for her even to sell herself to pay doctors bill—what was it if not wasted effort? (61). In his mind Shimamura perceives the effort of both Komako and Yoko as wasted effort, Shimamura cannot fathom the excess effort both these girls are putting themselves through in order to benefit Yukio despite his falling condition. This time Shimamura takes the meaning of wasted effort as not only doing without purpose, but also exerting excess effort on things which are fleeting. Yukios condition which is wavering, is reason enough for Shimamura to question why Komako would put herself in such a satiation despite Yukios inevitable demise.The third time wasted effort was mentioned was when Shimamura learned that Komako practiced her samisen exclusively through score, To Shimamura it was a wasted effort, this way of living. He sensed in it too a longing that called out to him for sympathy. (72-73). This excerpt seemed familiar to Shimamuras view of wasted effort when Komako described her diary, he sees the longing which she felt and remembered the times in which she practiced in Toky o, yet despite this Shimamura views this as sad. The next time the phrase was mentioned was when Shimamura was climbing the mountain, Though he was an idler who might as well spend his time in the mountains as anywhere. He looked upon mountain climbing as almost a model of wasted effort. For that very reason it pulled at him with the attraction of the unreal. (112). In both Komakos practicing of the Samisen and Shimamuras experience of climbing a mountain, the phrase explains endless cycle of events. The last statement on that passage is also important. It seemed that it shows that after he viewed something which he considers as wasted effort, he diverted his attention to the unreal, perhaps to retain his vision of beauty in doing that matter. The final time which wasted effort is reiterated was during his encounter with Yoko, He was conscious of an emptiness that made him see Komakos life as beautiful but wasted, even though he himself was the object of her love; and yet the womans existence, her straining to live, came touching him like naked skin. He pitied her, and he pitied himself. (127-128). In this final reference, Shimamura finally sees that he is also experiencing wasted effort. Shimamura knows that his affair with Komako would end, and despite this has placed so much effort over her. He pitted both himself and Komako for this reason. Shimamura throughout the novel was quick to point out the wasted efforts of others, yet did not fully realize that he himself was exhibiting the same habits. Shimamura and Komako are similar in that they both exhibit wasted effort with an almost childlike quality, which is juxtaposed by an adult like nature. Komako still being a very young woman, shows traits of adulthood and responsibility, yet continuously does things which will ultimately end fruitless. Komakos decision in becoming a Geisha, was based on an adult decision to help a longtime friend, despite knowing he would ultimately parish. Her hobbies of writing down what she had previously read into her diary and practicing the Samisen without ever having an audience satisfied Komako, yet Shimamura pitied her actions and classified them as pointless. Shimamura an older gentleman was quick to point out others fruitless actions, yet did not start to question his own until the end. Shimamura suspended himself in a fantasy with Komako and even referenced the lack at attention he had given his family during those times. This to me seems like a childish act on Shimamuras part, which is ju xtaposed by Komakos adult like actions in trying to aid her dying friend. Shimamura pitied Komakos diary, yet he himself would write manuscripts about the art of Ballet, without ever actually seeing a live show. Shimamuras manuscripts were in sense Komakos diary entries, he would write about and fanaticize about something he had not seen in person, and indulged in the fact that he would leave the dance up to his imagination. Shimamura viewed life as if he was detached to the tangible essence of it because he dwelled too much on the unreal. He kept on telling of wasted effort on the things being done without any assurance of the result, to think that is one of the realities in life. A reality which Komako experienced, and understood yet Shimamura with age and knowledge could not fully understand.A bc d e f g h I j kl m n o p q r s t u Japan free essay sample A history of early twentieth century Japan with emphasis on the rise and fall of its economy. This paper discusses Japans rise to the international forefront at the beginning of the twentieth century and examines how the economic downturn in the 1920s paved the way for the rise of the militarists and ultimately to Japanese aggression in the 1930s. In 1920 Japans wartime economic boom distorted, and the country suffered a series of recessions. The great Kanto earthquake of 1923, which devastated the Tokyo-Yokohama region, aggravated bad economic conditions. Agricultural prices plunged, and the rural economy became indolent. A major bank panic in 1927 set off alarm bells, but conditions grew much poorer with the onset of the Great Depression, the global economic slump that began at the end of 1929. Japans manufacturing production fell, workers were laid off, a new wave of strikes began, and the rural economy went into a tailspin. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

USS North Carolina (BB-55) in World War II

USS North Carolina (BB-55) in World War II USS North Carolina (BB-55) was the lead ship of the North Carolina-class of battleships. The first new design constructed by the US Navy since the early 1920s, the North Carolina-class incorporated a variety of new technologies and design approaches.   Entering service in 1941, North Carolina saw extensive service in the Pacific during World War II and took part in nearly all of the major Allied campaigns. This saw it earn 15 battles stars, the most won by any American battleship. Retired in 1947, North Carolina was taken to Wilmington, NC in 1961 and opened as a museum ship the following year.   Treaty Limitations The story of the North Carolina-class begins with the Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and London Navy Treaty (1930) which limited warship size and total tonnage. As a result of the treaties, the US Navy did not built any new battleships for the most the 1920s and 1930s. In 1935, the General Board of the US Navy began preparations for the design of a new class of modern battleships. Operating under the constraints imposed by the Second London Naval Treaty (1936), which limited total displacement to 35,000 tons and the caliber of guns to 14, designers worked through a multitude of designs to create a new class that combined an effective mix of firepower, speed, and protection. Design and Construction After extensive debate, the General Board recommended design XVI-C which called for a battleship capable of 30 knots and mounting nine 14 guns. This recommendation was overruled by Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson who favored the XVI design which mounted twelve 14 guns but had a maximum speed of 27 knots. The final design of what became the North Carolina-class emerged in 1937 after Japans refusal to agree to the 14 restriction imposed the treaty. This allowed the other signatories to implement the treatys escalator clause which permitted an increase to 16 guns and a maximum displacement of 45,000 tons. As a result, USS North Carolina and its sister, USS Washington, were redesigned with a main battery of nine 16 guns. Supporting this battery were twenty 5 dual purpose guns as well as an initial installation of sixteen 1.1 anti-aircraft guns. In addition, the ships received the new RCA CXAM-1 radar. Designated BB-55, North Carolina was laid down at the New York Naval Shipyard on October 27, 1937. Work progressed on the hull and the battleship slid down the ways on June 3, 1940 with Isabel Hoey, daughter of the Governor of North Carolina, serving as sponsor. USS North Carolina (BB-55) - Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: New York Naval ShipyardLaid Down: October 27, 1937Launched: June 13, 1940Commissioned: April 9, 1941Fate: Museum ship at Wilmington, NC Specifications: Displacement: 34,005 tonsLength: 728.8 ft.Beam: 108.3 ft.Draft: 33 ft.Propulsion: 121,000 hp, 4 x General Electric steam turbines, 4 x propellersSpeed: 26 knotsRange: 20,080 miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,339 men Armament Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in.(410 mm)/45 cal. Mark 6 guns (3 x triple turrets)20 Ãâ€" 5 in (130 mm)/38 cal. dual-purpose guns60 x quad 40mm antiaircraft guns46 x single 20mm cannon Aircraft 3 x aircraft Early Service Work on North Carolina ended in early 1941 and the new battleship was commissioned on April 9, 1941 with Captain Olaf M. Hustvedt in command. As the US Navys first new battleship in nearly twenty years, North Carolina quickly became a center of attention and earned the enduring nickname Showboat. Through the summer of 1941, the ship conducted shakedown and training exercises in the Atlantic. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the US entry into World War II, North Carolina prepared to sail for the Pacific. The US Navy soon delayed this movement as there was concern that the German battleship Tirpitz might emerge to attack Allied convoys. Finally released to the US Pacific Fleet, North Carolina passed through the Panama Canal in early June, just days after the Allied triumph at Midway. Arriving at Pearl Harbor after stops at San Pedro and San Francisco, the battleship began preparations for combat in the South Pacific. South Pacific Departing Pearl Harbor on July 15 as part of a task force centered on the carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) North Carolina steamed for the Solomon Islands. There it supported the landing of US Marines on Guadalcanal on August 7. Later in the month, North Carolina provided anti-aircraft support for the American carriers during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. As Enterprise sustained significant damage in the fighting, the battleship began serving as an escort for USS Saratoga (CV-3) and then USS Wasp (CV-7) and USS Hornet (CV-8). On September 15, the Japanese submarine I-19 attacked the task force. Firing a spread of torpedoes, it sunk Wasp and the destroyer USS OBrien as well as damaged North Carolinas bow. Though the torpedo opened a large hole on the ships port side, the ships damage control parties quickly dealt with the situation and averted a crisis. Arriving at New Caledonia, North Carolina received temporary repairs before departing for Pearl Harbor. There, the battleship entered drydock to fix the hull and its anti-aircraft armament was enhanced. Tarawa Returning to service after a month in the yard, North Carolina spent much of 1943 screening American carriers in the vicinity of the Solomons. This period also saw the ship receive new radar and fire control equipment. On November 10, North Carolina sailed from Pearl Harbor with Enterprise as part of the Northern Covering Force for operations in the Gilbert Islands. In this role, the battleship provided support for Allied forces during the Battle of Tarawa. After bombarding Nauru in early December, North Carolina screened USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)when its aircraft attacked New Ireland. In January 1944, the battleship joined Rear Admiral Marc Mitschers Task Force 58. Island Hopping Covering Mitschers carriers, North Carolina also provided fire support for troops during the Battle of Kwajalein in late January. The following month, it protected the carriers as they mounted raids against Truk and the Marianas. North Carolina continued in this capacity for much of the spring until returning to Pearl Harbor for repairs on its rudder. Emerging in May, it rendezvoused with American forces at Majuro before sailing for the Marianas as part of Enterprises task force. Taking part in the Battle of Saipan in mid-June, North Carolina struck a variety of targets ashore. Upon learning that the Japanese fleet was approaching, the battleship departed the islands and protected American carriers during the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19-20. Remaining in the area until the end of the month, North Carolina then departed for the Puget Sound Navy Yard for a major overhaul. Finished in late October, North Carolina rejoined Admiral William Bull Halseys Task Force 38 at Ulithi on November 7. Final Battles Shortly thereafter, it endured a severe period at sea as TF38 sailed through Typhoon Cobra. Surviving the storm, North Carolina supported operations against Japanese targets in the Philippines as well as screened raids against Formosa, Indochina, and the Ryukyus. After escorting carriers on a raid on Honshu in February 1945, North Carolina turned south to provided fire support for Allied forces during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Shifting west in April, the ship fulfilled a similar role during the Battle of Okinawa. In addition to striking targets ashore, North Carolinas anti-aircraft guns aided in dealing with the Japanese kamikaze threat. Later Service Retirement After a brief overhaul at Pearl Harbor in late spring, North Carolina returned to Japanese waters where it protected carriers conducting airstrikes inland as well as bombarded industrial targets along the coast. With the surrender of Japan on August 15, the battleship sent part of its crew and Marine Detachment ashore for preliminary occupation duty. Anchoring in Tokyo Bay on September 5, it embarked these men before departing for Boston. Passing through the Panama Canal on October 8, it reached its destination nine days later. With the end of the war, North Carolina underwent a refit at New York and began peacetime operations in the Atlantic. In the summer of 1946, it hosted the US Naval Academys summer training cruise in the Caribbean. Decommissioned on June 27, 1947, North Carolina remained on the Navy List until June 1, 1960. The following year, the US Navy transferred the battleship to the State of North Carolina for a price of $330,000. These funds were largely raised by the states school children and the ship was towed to Wilmington, NC. Work soon began to convert the ship into a museum and North Carolina was dedicated as a memorial to the states World War II veteran in April 1962.

Bonus assignment #1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bonus assignment #1 - Case Study Example The CEO is Joseph W. Luter, III while the Board chair is Wendell H. Murphy. The Board structure of Smithfield is of the norm since the company is legally instituted. The director depending on whether they are employees or not are subjected to fees and shareholding respectively (Smithfield Corporation, 2012). Directors’ interest can be aligned to that of shareholders by making them one of the shareholders. The company has not a nomination committee (Smithfield Corporation, 2012) and I think shareholders hence vote the directors the independence of the process, which is guided by law. The audit committee is composed of Audit Committee is comprised of Messrs. Faison and Murphy, it is independent and it held a meeting once which is satisfactory. Greenberg joined the board in 1987 while Richard Holland is a manager and Banker by profession. The firm held nine annual boards meetings all of them attending at least 75% as required. Stock ownership of Smithfield by other shareholder stands at 55.7% leaving the rest for the CEO who is therefore the majority shareholder hence in direct control. The other directors holding more than 5% shareholding are passive to the business operations while exercising control through their major vote. Though the company exercises professional management, its governance structure is that which exercises control from the top (Smithfield Corporation, 2012). The leadership has tried to modify this depending on the environment of operation making the company survive despite fierce competition in its

Responding to religious diversity in classrooms Case Study

Responding to religious diversity in classrooms - Case Study Example her customs and norms of different cultures, but one has to be prudent enough to close argumentative statements and believes when the initial signs begin to show. One aim of every class teacher is to make her students a positive and appreciative member of society who can respect and give space to different cultural believes. Therefore awareness of diversity among children is an acceptable notion .Different sessions for students and parents can be held so to spread the awareness about religious diversity. Workshops for parents of the mainstream culture can also be held so they can train their off springs with the understanding of acceptance. Developing a sense of sensitivity in both parent and children can help in a long run to the road of acceptance. A teacher needs to study the background and the profile of the child thoroughly and before planning keeping those distinguishing factors in mind, plan an activity. And if somehow the event calls for the same activity trims and change activity for that specific child who can not perform due to his ideas or

Philosophy - Practical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophy - Practical Ethics - Essay Example In this paper I will discuss the moral difference between abortion and infanticide with special reference to the views of Michael Tooley and Mary Anne Warren. Metaphysics is an area of philosophy that deals with questions having to do with the ultimate grounding and nature of things in the world. It is concerned with such diverse topics as the mind/body problem, identity, God, the existence and nature of universals, the existence and nature of the soul, and so on. Thus, the morality of abortion, if it is to be construed as contingent upon the nature of the fetus, is an issue whose resolution depends on which metaphysical view of the human person is correct. Given this, let us take a look at Michael's argument. Although he makes many provocative and interesting claims that deserve a reply, I will focus on a small portion of his essay that I believe is the core of his case. According to Michael, "the first principle of religious liberty is that laws will not be based upon abstract metaphysical speculation, but will be fashioned through the democratic processes in which every perspective is subject to critical analysis (Michael, 2000). Any proposal must be open either to revision or rejection." He then goes on to cite, as an example of what is not speculative metaphysics, the viability standard proposed by the Court in Roe. I will first critique Michael's use and defense of the viability standard and then move on to a general critique of Michael's view of "abstract metaphysical speculation." ... the viability standard in particular, fairly, sensibly, and effectively functions to safeguard the constitutional liberties of pregnant women while recognizing and accommodating the State's interest in potential human life. The viability line reflects the biological facts and truths of fetal development; it marks the threshold moment prior to which a fetus cannot survive separate from the woman and cannot reasonably and objectively be regarded as a subject of rights or interests distinct from, or paramount to, those of the pregnant woman (Michael, 2000). At the same time, the viability standard takes account of the undeniable fact that as the fetus evolves into its postnatal form, and as it loses its dependence on the uterine environment, the State's interest in the fetus' potential human life, and in fostering a regard for human life in general, becomes compelling. Michael's argument for the viability standard is nearly identical to the one presented by Blackmun: Part of the genius in Roe v. Wade (now affirmed in Casey) was putting forward the standard of viability: that stage of development at which the fetus has sufficient neurological and physical maturation to survive outside the womb. Prior to that, the fetus simply is not sufficiently developed as an independent being deserving and requiring the full protection of the law, i.e., a person (Michael, 2000). The notion of viability correlates biological maturation with personal identity in a way that can be recognized and accepted by reasonable people. Michael's use of the viability standard is seriously flawed. First, he praises the Court's legal use of the standard and then employs the standard as a decisive moment at which he believes it is reasonable to say that the fetus becomes a person, even though that is

Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity

Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity DESIGN OF SHAFT ON THE BASIS OF RIGIDITY AND STRENGTH CALCULATION AND ANGLE OF TWIST Design of Shaft: †¢ A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular crossection (solid or hollow), which is used to transmit power and rotational motion. Axles are non rotating member. †¢ Elements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels , clutches , and sprockets are mounted on the shaft and are used to transmit power from the driving device(motor or engine) through a machine. †¢ The rotational force (torque) is transmitted to these elements on the shaft by press fit, keys, dowel, pins. †¢ The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings. †¢ Various types of retaining rings, thrust bearings, grooves and steps in the shaft are used to take up axial loads and locate the rotating elements. Design of Shafts on the Basis of Rigidity: †¢ Shafts must be rigid enough to avoid excessive deflection †¢ Two types of rigidity:  § Torsional rigidity  § Lateral rigidity Torsional Rigidity: †¢ Important for camshafts where timing of the valves are important †¢ Estimate the total angle of twist in radians †¢ Use torsion equation Lateral Rigidity: †¢ Important for  § Transmission shafting  § Shafts running at high speed †¢ Lateral deflection must be minimised to avoid:  § Gear teeth alignment problems  § Bearing related problems †¢ The lateral deflection (y) and the slope (ÃŽ ¸) may be determined by equations from the strength of materials Design of Shafts Based on Strength: Stresses in Shafts: †¢ Shear stresses due to torsional load †¢ Bending stresses due to the forces coming from gears, pulleys, etc. †¢ Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads Angle of twist for circular members: Angle of twist : When one end of shaft is fixed and the other end is twisted, the angle twisted is the angle of twist. Find the relative rotation of section B-B with respect to section A-A of the solid elastic shaft as shown in the when a constant torque T is being transmitted through it. The polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area J is constant. Concepts involved: Angle of twist in circular members Formulae used: ÃŽ ¸=∠« Txdx/JG Where, φ= Angle of twist Tx = torque at distance x Jx = polar moment of area at distance x G = Shear modulus Solution: Step 1: Here neither torque nor J changes with x so, Tx = T and Jx = J And limit is between 0 to L so we get: ÃŽ ¸=TL/JG Note: In applying the above equation, note particularly that the angle φ must be expressed in radians. Also observe the great similarity of this relation equation Δ =PL/AE, for axially loaded bars. Here φ ⇔ Δ T⇔ P, J⇔ Α, and G⇔ E. By the analogy, this equation can be recast to express the torsional spring constant, or torsional stiffness, kt as Kt = T/ÃŽ ¸ = JG /L [N-m/rad] This constant torque required to cause a rotation of 1 radian, i.e., φ = 1. It depends only on the material properties and the size of the member. As for axially loaded bars, one can visualize torsion members as springs. The reciprocal of kt defines the torsional flexibility ft. Hence, for a circular solid or hollow shaft. ft = 1/kt = L / JG [ rad/N-m] This constant defines the rotation resulting from application of a unit torque, i.e., T = 1. On multiplying by the torque T, one obtains the current equation . Shaft Design: Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid. Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory. Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads. Torsional stresses: (Ï„) The Torsional formula is given by: T/J=G ÃŽ ¸/L=Ï„/r Here T=torque or Torsional moment, N-mm J=polar moment of inertia, mm4 = Ï€ d4/32 ,Where d is the solid shaft diameter. = Ï€( do 4- d i 4 ) /32 Where do and di are outer and inner diameter of the hollow shaft respectively. G=Modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity, MPa ÃŽ ¸=Angle of twist, radians l= Length of shaft , mm r= Distance from the Neutral axis to the top most fibre , mm = d/2 (For solid shaft) = do /2(For hollow shaft) Shear (Ï„) stress on the outer surface of a shaft, for a torque (T) : For solid circular section:  · Ï„ = Tr / J = 16T / Ï€ d3 For hollow circular section:  · Ï„ = Tr / J =16T do / Ï€ do 4- d i 4 ) Design of Shafts for Fatigue (Fluctuating Loads): †¢ Shafts are generally subjected to fluctuating torques and bending moments may fail due to fatigue †¢ Combined shock and fatigue factors must be taken into account †¢ Modify the equivalent twisting and bending moments. Power Transmitting Shaft: * Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid. * Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory. * Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads. Crank Shaft: * A crankshaft is used to convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion or vice versa. The crankshaft consists of the shaft parts, which revolve in the main bearings, the crank pins to which the big ends of the connecting rod are connected, the crank arms or webs, which connect the crankpins, and the shaft parts. The crankshaft, depending upon the position of crank, may be divided into the following two types. * The crankshaft is the principal member of the crank train or crank assembly, which latter converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion. It is subjected to both torsional and bending stresses, and in modern high-speed, multi-cylinder engines these stresses may be greatly increased by resonance, which not only renders the engine noisy, but also may fracture the shaft. In addition, the crankshaft has both supporting bearings (or main bearings) and crankpin bearings, and all of its bearing surfaces must be sufficiently large so that the unit bearing load cannot become excessive even under the most unfavorable conditions. At high speeds the bearing loads are due in large part to dynamic forces-inertia and centrifugal. Fortunately, loads on main bearings due to centrifugal force can be reduced, and even completely eliminated, by the provision of suitable counterweights. All dynamic forces increase as the square of the speed of rotation. (i.e. FDynamic↑â‡⠀™Speed2↑) REFRENCES: * Engineering mechanics static and dynamics my A.K. Tayal * www.sciencedirect.com * Mechaical Sciences by G.K. LAL * www.physicsclassroom.com

James Boag Marketing Report

James Boag Premium â€Å"What would you like to drink today? † Strategic Marketing Planning MBA 9006 Marketing Semester 1, 2008 Table Of Contents Page Executive Summary:3 The beer market:4 Market share:5 Financial overview:5 Strategic Gap:7 Strategic Positioning:8 Product Life cycle:8 Boston Consulting Group and GE/McKinsey Matrix:9 Competitive Advantage:10 Ansoff Product – Market Mix:11 Marketing Strategy:12 Target Market:12 Brand Positioning:13 Product Strategy:15 Pricing Strategy:15 Distribution Strategy:16 Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy:17 Advertising17 Sponsorship17 Point of Purchase and Packaging17 Promotion17 Public Relations18 Marketing Budget:18 Implementation:18 Evaluation and control:19 Conclusion:20 Appendices:21-36 Executive Summary: Beer sales in Australia have been showing a downward trend, with the exception of the premium beer segment which has shown a strong growth of 9% annually. The James Boag premium beer has established itself as the #2 brand of premium beer in Australia. Building on our strategic acquisition of James Boag we hope to continue increasing our market share of this growing premium beer segment by exploiting and building further on James Boag brand equity. In 2007, 78% of our sales revenue was generated from beer, thus protecting this segment becomes crucially important for us to maintain our financial profits. Beer sales revenue has been growing at 5% pa for the previous years. With the increased drive on marketing for the James Boag brand we hope to capture a healthy share of the growing premium beer segment and also nhance this growth to 6% pa for the forecasted periods of 2008-2010. As the premium beer segment is in a growth phase, James Boag premium beer is strategically placed as a â€Å"Star†. Increased investments towards building the brand and increasing market penetration would help generate greater financial profits. However this strategy would require an increase in marketing expenditures to the tuneA$54 million in 2008, a rise of 10% pa compared to the previous average of 2%pa. This increase in expenditure would allow us increase our total market share of James Boag premium beer to 18% from its present 9%. This Strategic marketing plan proposes a strategy to not only meet financial objectives, but also to reinforce, and increase brand awareness. Capturing market share by highlighting differentiated value, as against devaluing our price, would be the main focus of our growth strategy. The new product development of the James Boag premium light would help capture the growing female beer patron segment. Introduction of Casks and Draught beers at pubs and restaurants would further strengthen the availability, market share and brand image of our range. For our James Boag range we would introduce specially embossed serving glasses, distinctive packaging, associating the range with other premium luxury bands, targeting corporate events and membership boxes at premium sport events, would be some of the key strategies. In terms of pricing, we would like to maintain our present price of A$50 per case, in order to communicate the premium status, and also indicate the price –value relationship of our brand. This plan also exhibits a staggered implementation, evaluation and control plan for our organization over the periods 2008-2010. Success of the implementation would be closed monitored by clearly defined performance indicators. The beer market: The beer market has lost some its share to wines and other healthier alternatives. However, though the beer market in general is declining in share, the premium beer market has shown an increase in its share value since 2002 till present. Data monitor 2006 (Appendix A: Exhibit 1) Beer in Australia gives the total value of the beer market segment in Australia at $3,939 million AUD. The growth of the total beer market has been around 2% for the past 5 years, and the premium beer segment makes about 21% of this market share. The premium beer segment is poised to grow at around 10% per annum and in the past year itself the growth of the premium beer has been at 9. 1% by volume. (Appendix A: Exhibit 2) The table below shows the forecasted growth in value for the beer market in total and the relative growth of the premium beer segment for years 2008-10. Beer market forecast | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Total value in AUD/millions |4,151 |4,234 |4,319 | |Premium beer value in AUD/millions |1,411 |1,736 |2,073 | Lion Nathan has generated 78% of their total sales revenue from beers. This revenue could be threatened by the downward sales trend of the beer market in general. Thus cashing in on the upward trend of premiumisation would be key to the maintenance and growth of the company for the near future. In 2007 majority revenue for the year was generated due to the â€Å"Power brands†, which are Tooheys extra dry, XXX gold, Hahn super dry, and international premium brands like Heineken and Becks. Hahn super dry and International premium brands grew by 18% last year, with Heineken being in the forefront. 1] These power brands can be further divided into the High premium brands like Heineken and Becks and lower premium brands like XXX Gold and Tooheys . The strategic acquisition of James Boag breweries in Nov 2007 has further enhanced the high premium beer range with the addition of the James Boag premium collection. Market share: Lion-Nathan Ltd has 35-39% beer market share by volume. While it’s main competitor Fosters Ltd has been enjoying a market share of 50%. In this duopoly market structure other small breweries comprise of the remaining 10-15% of the market. Appendix A: Exhibit 3). With the shrinking beer market in general, we estimate that the growing premium beer segment shall be the most competitive arena for beer marketing in the near future. With the goal of greater return to the shareholders, and with the vision to become #1 beverage company in Australia, Lion-Nathan Ltd shall have to focus all its strengths in the fight for this growing beer segment. Financial overview: Du-Pont analysis of Lion-Nathan Ltd reveals an asset efficiently ratio of 0. 07 for 2002 to 2005 and there was a sudden surge to 0. 0 in 2006 due to the sale of non performing assets by the company (Appendix B: Exhibit 1). Closer the ratio towards 1 signifies better returns to shareholders. For the period of 2008-10 we forecast that this ratio of 0. 3 would be maintained and further improved by increasing sales revenue and greater market share capt ure. Marketing and advertisement expenditures are forecasted at 10% increment per annum, an increase of 8% from the previous average, this increase is in line with the proposed marketing strategies. The sales revenue of Lion-Nathan Ltd for 2002-2007 has been growing between 4-5% per year. Focusing our efforts on the growing premium beer market segment we estimate that sales revenue growth for 2008-2010 would be at 6% per annum. [pic] |   |2003 | |Existing | | | | | |Market |Market |James Boag Premium Beer New Product Development |James Boag premium light | | |Penetration | | |beer | |New | | | | | |markets |Market |Female drinkers | |Casks and Draught Beers | | |Development |Health conscious consumers |Diversification | | Using the Ansoff matrix above, the following marketing strategy requirement can be identified for James Boag brand: Market Penetration: To increase and maintain sales of existing products – Increase brand profile and strategically link James Boag premium beer with other James Boag products to ensure and increase market penetration. – Explore and build on existing routes to market and strengthen existing relationship with both on-trade and off-trade distribution networks Due to increasing consumer preference for dining out and travelling, there is potential to increase sales through targeted marketing at specific areas. Market Development: – Capitalise on female preferences to opt for premium beer when having one. – Develop strategies to tap into the overseas market New Product Development: The Australian beer market is seeing an increasing trend towards consumption of premium beers. Also as the consumers is becoming more health conscious, through developme nt of James Boag premium light, it would enable us to fulfil both the criteria of an otherwise discerning consumer. Diversification: James Boag till now has been limited by its geographical location and thus has concentrated on branded bottled beers as means of distribution, but now building on distributive strengths of Lion Nathan it should broaden its distribution to include casks and draught beers thus allowing the brand to reinforce its image of quality, taste and freshness. Marketing Strategy: The above analysis would suggest the following strategic implication for James Boag premium Beer. (Appendix C: Exhibit 3) ? Protect Market share and retain loyal costumers Stress brand differentiation to attract and also wean away customers of competitor product. ? Reposition brand if necessary to achieve dominant position ? Emphasize product quality ? Identify and exploit growth segments ? Increase distribution ? Maintain profit margin Target Market: Situational analysis shows that significant amount of premium beer buyers fall under 25-45 years age predominantly male, educated with high disposable inc ome and status conscious. The buying preference is dependent on occasions and situation. However, there is not much brand loyalty. Males prefer to have premium beer on occasion like after work drinks, when entertaining guests or business associates in restaurants and corporate events. Choice of the premium beer usually depends upon the image the brand personifies and availability and they are more likely to pay more for discernible quality attributes they associate with particular brands . Females though in minority are slowly gravitating towards beer drinking and usually prefer to have one in similar occasions like parties, after work rinks and sports events. However, when they do indulge themselves they prefer a premium brand and are more likely to be influenced in their choice by philosophy of the brand, taste of the beer and design and label of the bottle. They are also more likely to ask for a premium light beer in such social occasions for their need to stay in control. Brand Positioning: Consumers choice tends to be driven by image of the brand , awards won, recom mendation from peers and variety available rather than brand loyalty. Thus focusing on brand development will strategically enhance brand power. Branding would also enable us to position our brand to create a better fit between our product and needs and values of the target audience which in turn would help us attract and retain ownership of the customers. This strategy will also benefit by having a spill over effect to other James Boag products. However, the challenge would be to achieve this in a highly competitive market, while appealing to a sophisticated consumer who has a massive range of beverage choices. The key to achieving this would be through, building the brand’s prestige and distinctive values through the advertising campaign in order to differentiate the brand from the aggressive competition in the category and create a proposition that is attractive to premium beer drinkers. The values the brand should position itself to personify are of high quality refreshing beer aimed at successful, in-control, high achieving individuals deserving the best. (Appendix C: Exhibit 4) For this purpose James Boag premium will be marketed as the flagship beer for the brand. In line with the overall strategy, both Premium and Premium light beer bottles would have similar coloured distinctive, easily identifiable bottles with an embossed logo and following brand stickers displayed on them. James Boag Premium James Boag Premium Light The specially designed sticker helps reinforce our brand message of a unique, refreshing, original, premium quality brewed beer and also indicates towards our origins from Tasmania. The back of the bottle will bear a sticker with a short description about the tasting notes and brewing details about the beer. This strategy will work in three ways – reinforce the premium tag, easy differentiation from our competitor’s products and establish ownership over the brand. Other strategies to support in building the brand equity include †¢ Continuing submission of James Boag premium beers into key international beer award †¢ Participate in key federal and state tourism initiative †¢ Actively pursue promotion at key events like corporate functions and sports events( such as tennis, golf, sailing , formula racing etc ) to create association with the brand To this end the allocation for marketing spend on Premium and Premium light beer will be in 70% vs 30% ratio. We will use James Boag’s Premium’s communication campaign to develop the brand values for the James Boag brand whilst the aim of the James Boag’s Premium Light campaign is to predominantly raise awareness of the brand. Product Strategy: The James Boag premium beer will be the flagship beer and our strategy would be to continue to draw consumers to this quality awarded beer. We would leverage the quality and interest generated with this product and seek to drive sales seeing that consumers clearly like this product. James Boag Premium Light will be aimed more towards female market and for times when customers are in light beer occasion. Through this line extension we will seek to extend and expand on our market share and also prevent consumers to turning towards our competitor brand. For on-trade sales through pubs and restaurant, our range would be served in specially crafted James Boag logo embossed glasses. For sales through supermarkets and liquor stores the beer would be sold in distinctive James Boag logo packaging. Corporate functions and sales at other events will be targeted with newly designed and distinctive casks with draining taps. It is hoped these steps would build on our communication campaign to sell our brand as an experience and also at the same time in some manner fulfil the desires and values our consumers are aiming for. Pricing Strategy: The key objective of pricing strategy is association of brand with quality. Product life cycle map of James Boag premium is in the growth phase, which would suggests pricing strategy should be, to maintain price and retain consumer base. Consistent with our brand strategy of focused differentiation, it would be recommended that the most appropriate method of creating pricing strategy would be to use price-value relationship. Price-value relationship would allow us to indicate our product is premium , and our brand satisfies key values the consumers are looking for. However, it would be important to price our product strategically as pricing above the market leader may discourage purchase, whilst pricing too far below signals an inferior product offering. Currently we are priced at least $50/case, and we recommend maintaining this while keeping a close eye out for competitors pricing and then reacting appropriately (Appendix D : Exhibit 1). Distribution Strategy: Key opportunity for James Boag premium is to exploit the availability of Lion Nathan’s already existing large distribution network. Based on this our distribution strategies for the next 3 years will be to focus on following multiple channels On-trade: Consistent with our overall strategy to increase market penetration through generating brand awareness and attracting more drinker to try our tipple which we hope will transfer to increase buying for domestic consumption; on-trade channels would be of prime importance. We are expecting to increase penetration by at least 40% by subscribing to restaurants and pubs which currently are available through the Lion-Nathan channel network . These locations will also be provided incentives like free embossed glasses to promote and sell our draught beers. Off-trade: With an intent to retain the customers who try our products through on-trade establishments off-trade channels like supermarket and liquor store would also be consistently targeted with regular promotions and negotiating for more shelf space. We expect to increase our penetration by 30% in off- trade establishments in the next 3 years through this strategy. Events: Specific events both corporate, sporting and social events would also be important for our marketing strategy , We hope to increase our distribution to such events by 30%. Also keeping in mind the technological changes and the savvy nature of our typical customer we propose to launch direct ordering online for bulk buys for social and corporate events. Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy: The prime target for marketing activity is the 25-45 years old individuals. The following marketing activities will form the overall communication strategy with main focus being the end users: Advertising †¢ Print advertising in weekend edition of newspaper like The Age, The Australian, Weekend Financial Review and in upmarket business and lifestyle magazines highlighting both premium ranges. Commercials on TV and Cinema before specifically identified shows and movies which conform with the image of the brand. †¢ Dedicated web site with information and brand message of James Boag. The content will be directed at our target consumer with information about promotional events, product details , games , discussion forum and James Boag online club. Sponso rship †¢ Sponsorship of key upmarket events like Tennis, Golf, Racing , Grand Prix and Sailing. †¢ Also concentrating on Federal and State business award functions. Cultural Events like Moonlight cinemas, Operas and Theatre Point of Purchase and Packaging †¢ Distinctive signs and displays positioned at point of sales in supermarkets , liquor stores and bars. †¢ Review of all packaging and bottle labels to align the brand message. Promotion †¢ In house promotion at upmarket bars, restaurants and lounges †¢ Business conventions and corporate events †¢ Motor shows, Horse racing cups , Gourmet food road shows. †¢ â€Å"Stealth Marketing† to celebrate the purchase of another luxury brand item like a car with a James Boag premium. Public Relations †¢ Networking dinners held and attended by General Managers with specific attention towards corporate functions. †¢ Opening of James Boag Centre for Beer in Launceston, Tasmania which will house company’s memorabilia, with a tasting bar and organised tours through the brewery and also sell branded merchandise. This would allow a visitor to become educated about the brand and turn them into ongoing loyal customers by giving them ownership over the brand. The centre will be advertised through tourist publications. Marketing Budget: The full budget for 2008-10 periods is shown in Appendix in line with corporate objectives requirements. The product market expenditure strategies are based on anticipated expenditure. (Appendix E: Exhibit 1) Broadly the divisions will be made as follows – 50% for market penetration of James Boag premium beer – 10% for market development – 30% towards James Boag premium light beer – 10% for diversification Implementation: The budget for the 2008– 2010 Strategic Marketing Plan is based on targeted revenue objectives with provisions for proposed activities recommended in the plan. The proposed fund allocations range for the marketing costs are consistent with the requirements prescribed in the strategic marketing plan for product, pricing, distribution, IMC strategies and predicted sales revenue growth (Appendix B: Exhibit 9-13). In the marketing budget, the IMC component has the highest allocation to meet the increased advertising due to product and brand positioning strategies, promotions and new product launch activities. Implementation of the strategic marketing plan will begin in the Q3 of 2008. Details of the implementation in terms of activities, ownership and timelines are provided in (Appendix F: Exhibit 1) Evaluation and control: Performance evaluation and control of the strategic marketing plan for James Boag premium will include tracking indicators such as Customer satisfaction, Brand loyalty, Sales, Market Share, Distributor satisfaction. Monitoring of these key indicators enables management to measure performance and to take corrective action when variances are revealed. The following table shows how and when these indicators are captured and made available for making decisions on changes to Strategic Marketing planning. Indicators |Metric used |Frequency of review |Data source | |Market share |  % market share by value &|  Monthly |  Data monitor | | |volume | | | |Sales performance |  Sales revenue |  Weekly |  Financial systems | | | | |reports | |Customer satisfaction/Loyalty |  Survey |  Annually |  CRM systems | |Profitability |  Gross marg in |  Monthly |  Financial system | | | | |reports | |Competitive Position |  %share by value & volume |  Annually |  Data monitor | |Distribution satisfaction |  Survey |  Quarterly |  External agency | Conclusion: In summary, we recommend that to achieve our desired increase in market share we would have to adopt a focus differentiation strategy. This would in turn require an increase budgetary allowance to the tune of 54 AUD million in 2008. Overall strategic marketing plan is to concentrate on 1) Increase brand awareness: This would help us increase our market share by attracting new customers and help maintain loyalty. 2) Increase market penetration: By strategically aligning pricing and distribution to the brand. 3) Line extension: Introducing James Boag premium light would allow us to attract the growing female segment of the market and extend our consumer base. 4) Maintain the cost price ratio Appendices [pic] Appendix A: Beer Market Exhibit 1: Data monitor 2006 – Beer in Australia [pic] Exhibit 2: Total Value growth by Beer subsector [pic] Exhibit 3: Market Share of Competition [pic] Appendix B : Financial Overview Exhibit 1: The Du Pont Identity (also known as Du Pont analysis or Du-pont analysis) is an expression which breaks Return On Equity (ROE) into three parts. a) Operating efficiency – measure by profit margin b) Asset use efficiency – measured by asset turnover c) Financial leverage – measured by equity multiplier In the analysis the ROE is calculated by the formula: ROE= Net Profit After Tax/Sales * Sales/Assets * Assets/Equity Du-pont Analysis | |   |NP/Sales |Sales/Assets |Assets/Equity |Analysis | |2002 |0. 10 |0. 40 |1. 88 |0. 07 | |2003 |0. 10 |0. 41 |1. 79 |0. 07 | |2004 |0. 09 |0. 43 |1. 71 |0. 06 | |2005 |0. 13 |0. 43 |1. 63 |0. 09 | |2006 |0. 12 |0. 71 |3. 46 |0. 30 | |2007 |0. 14 |0. 75 |3. 16 |0. 34 | Exhibit 2: Return on Equity Lion Nathan Ltd. 2003-10 [pic] |   | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Market share increase in total |40% |42% |43% | |Value increase total in AUD/millions |1,661 |1,757 |1,857 | |James Boag Premium beer share increase |12% |15% |18% | Total Sales Revenue Forecast Lion Nathan Ltd Year 2008-10 Lion Nathan Ltd forecast | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Total revenue growth at 6% per annum AUD/millions |2,129 |2,253 |2,381 | Exhibit 8: Strategic Gap Lion Nathan Ltd. 2008-10 |Strategic Gap | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Current growth estimates @5% annually. |2,065 |2,169 |2,277 | |Projected growth estimates @6% annually. |2,129 |2,253 |2,381 | |Gap AUD /million |64 |84 |104 | Exhibit 9: Estimated revenue from existing products in existing markets (market penetration) |Millions/ AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. revenue via current | | | | |strategies * |2065 |2169 |2277 | |Additional revenue via modified | | | | |strategies** |32 |42 |52 | |Total revenue | | | | | |2129 |2253 |2381 | Restated the current revenue projections **estimate 50% of gap Exhibit 10: Estimated potential revenue from existing products in new markets (market development)* |Millions/AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. revenue via market | | | | |development strategies * |15 |20 |25 | * James Boag premium brand positioning via advertising and promotions. Exhibit 11: Estimated potential revenue from new products in existing markets (new product development)* |Millions/AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. evenue via NPD strategies *| | | | | |5 |7 |10 | * James Boag Premium light** targeted at female consumers and for occasions when staying is control is impor tant. Exhibit 12: Estimated potential revenue from new products in new market segments (related diversification)* |Millions in AUD |Year 2008 |Year 2009 |Year 2010 | |Est. revenue via related | | | | |diversification strategies * |12 |15 |17 | Exhibit 13:Fulfilling Strategic Gap Year 2008-10 | | | | |Millions/AUD |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Market penetration | | | | | |32 |42 |52 | |Market development | | | | | |15 |20 |25 | |New product development | | | | | |5 |7 |10 | |Related diversification | | | | | |12 |15 |17 | |Total | | | | | |64 |84 |104 | Appendix C: Strategic Positioning Exhibit 1: Boston Consulting Group Matrix: |James Boag premium market share|Largest competitors market |Ratio |Relative market share | | |share | | | |9. 1% |24% |2. 6 |High | Source James Boag market report Key : Ratio < 1. 0 – Not a market leader Ratio = 1. 0 – Tied for lead Ratio > 1. 0 – Market Leader Exhibit 2: GE/McKinsey Matrix: Key: Score > 0. 5 –High attractive Score = 0. 5 – medium attractive Product line: James Boag Premium Score < 0. 5 – non attractive |Market attractive elements |Weight Score Rating | |Market factors |25% |0. 9 |23% | |Competition |25% |0. 4 |10% | |Financial and economic factors |20% |0. 7 |14% | |Technological factors |15% |0. |11% | |Socio-political factors |15% |0. 8 |12% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |70% | |Total | | |High | Business position elements |Weight Score Rating | |Brand Image |20% |0. 9 |18% | |Economies of scale |15% |0. 8 |12% | |Product focus/differentiation |15% |0. 7 |11% | |Reliable supply of raw materials |10% |0. 7 |7% | |Distribution networks |15% |0. |12% | |Quality assurance |15% |0. 8 |12% | |Manufacturing technology |10% |0. 8 |12% | | | | | | | | | |84% | |Total | | |High | Exhibit 3: Marketing Strategy Analytical tool used to map James Boag |Strategic position for James Boag Premium (market attractiveness combined with | |Premium |competitive position) | |Product life cycle |Growth – Increase market shar e thru penetration, build intensive coverage , emphasise | | |brand loyalty, maintain prices, | |BCG Product Portfolio model |Stars – Invest for growth thru geographical expansion, line expansion and via product | | |differentiation | |GE/McKinsey model |Invest to grow and concentrate on maintaining market share | |Porter’s 5 forces model |Moderate overall market attractiveness – market conducive for investment with high | | |competition. | |Porter’s CA strategy model |Focused differentiation | Exhibit 4: Brand Positioning and Development : The brand will be positioned keeping in mind the typical customer profile of a premium beer drinker, and the values they aspire and relate with. In line with this strategy the communication campaign through print and media advertisement will aim to depict James Boag brand providing a consumer with a image of a successful, in-control, high achieving individual who are looking for the best. This message will be reinforced through product cues like a easily distinguishable and specially designed bottle and brand logo and also an efficient customer relation management. The message of brew quality will be strengthened through a robust quality control mechanism with a clearly stated shelf life period. Appendix D: Pricing Strategy Exhibit 1: Comparative price of Premium Beers Sector |Brand |Case Price* | |Mainstream |Victoria Bitter |$33 | |Light (2-3% alc. vol) |Hahn Premium Light |$22-$24 | |Light (2-3% alc. vol) |James Boag’s Premium Light |$29 | |Premium |James Boag’s Pr emium |$50 | * Case Prices vary widely, dependent on individual retailer price promotions, but these prices represent an average Appendix E: Marketing Budget Exhibit 1: Marketing Expenses Marketing budget allocation | |   |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Amt in AUD/Millions |   |   |   | |Total Marketing budget |362. 0 |398. 2 |438. 0 | |Marketing budget for James Boag range-15% |54. 3 |59. 7 |65. 7 | |Allocation | |Market penetration (IMC)-50% |27. 2 |29. 9 |32. | |Branding costs |10. 9 |11. 9 |13. 1 | |On trade expenses |8. 1 |9. 0 |9. 9 | |Off trade expenses |5. 4 |6. 0 |6. 6 | |Event sponsorship expenses |1. 4 |1. 5 |1. 6 | |Misc Advertisement and Promotion costs |1. 4 |1. 5 |1. 6 | |Market develoment-10% |5. 4 |6. |6. 6 | |New product development-30% |   |   |   | |James Boag Premium light |16. 3 |17. 9 |19. 7 | |Diversification-10% |   |   |   | |Casks and Draughts |5. 4 |6. 0 |6. 6 | Appendix F: Implementation Plan: [pic] Appendix G: Lion Nathan Financial Statem ent 2002-07 Exhibit 1: Lion Nathan Ltd Financial statement 2002-07 Lion-Nathan LTD- Financial statements (consolidated group figures) | | | |figures in AUD-Millions |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Income statement | |Sales Revenue |1,662. 4 |1,772. 2 |1,841. 1 |1,757. 5 |1,845. 0 |1,967. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Revenue |1,712. 4 |1,826. 4 |2,013. 2 |1,797. 2 |1,883. 1 |2,000. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Cost of Goods Sold |1,353. 5 |1,446. 4 |1,668. 9 |1,380. 8 |1,484. 6 |1,595. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Sales and Marketing costs |280. 2 |301. 2 |303. 2 |305. 2 |309. 0 |329. 1 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |EBIT |266. 3 |285. 0 |251. 4 |337. 6 |329. 8 |351. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |NPAT |161. 9 |180. 0 |160. 1 |224. 8 |226. 8 |282. 2 | |Balance Sheet | |Cash on Hand |10. 8 |16. 8 |5. 7 |8. 2 |19. 0 |6. 9 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Assets |504. 0 |528. 7 |610. 2 |490. 0 |541. 4 |544. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Non Current Assets |3,700. 8 |3,802. 1 |3,656. 8 |3,574. 0 |2,048. 7 |2,075. 7 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Assets |4,204. 8 |4,330. 8 |4,267. 0 |4,064. 0 |2,590. 1 |2,620. 3 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Current Liabilities |493. 8 |430. 6 |520. 7 |512. 6 |525. 5 |544. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Non Current Liabilities |1,477. 6 |1,481. 0 |1,254. 1 |1,057. 9 |1,316. 4 |1,247. 5 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Liabilities |1,971. 4 |1,911. 6 |1,774. 8 |1,570. 5 |1,841. 0 |1,792. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Equity |2,233. 4 |2,419. 2 |2,492. 2 |2,493. 5 |748. 2 |828. | |Cash Flow Statement | |Net Cash from Operating Activities |231. 1 |232. 9 |274. 0 |334. 0 |308. 0 |298. 5 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Net Cash from Investing Activities |-399. 6 |-108. 0 |-99. 2 |20. 8 |-11 2. 6 |-73. 3 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Net Cash from Financing Activities |168. 4 |-117. 3 |-218. 6 |-319. 4 |-184. 6 |-237. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Earnings per Share |34. 0 |33. 7 |37. 9 |42. 1 |48. 6 |50. 2 | Appendix H: Competitors Financial Analysis Exhibit 1: Foster Group Ltd Financial Statement 2002-07 |Fosters Group Ltd ( consolidated figures) | |  Amount in AUD/ million |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Sales revenue |4,572. 0 |4,731. 5 |3,908. 0 |3,972. 3 |4,533. 7 |4,760. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Gross profit |2,273. 0 |2,344. 6 |1,887. 2 |1,981. 5 |2,067. 1 |2,094. 7 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |EBIT |1,038. 6 |1,023. 4 |949. 0 |1,257. 0 |1,065. 7 |1,116. 8 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |NPAT |560. 9 |470. 4 |806. 0 |941. 0 |1,169. 8 |969. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Marketing Expenses |300. 8 |313. 5 |343. 8 |379. 6 |350. 8 |360. 1 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Assets |9,511. 0 |9,588. 9 |8,443. 1 |11,745. 3 |10,439. 1 |9,563. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Liabilities |5,299. 1 |5,095. 8 |3,842. 9 |6,801. 2 |5,957. 4 |4,929. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Total Equity |4,211. 9 |4,493. 1 |4,600. 2 |4,944. 1 |4,481. 7 |4,633. 2 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Ratio analysis | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |NPM ratio |12. 3 |9. 9 |20. 6 |23. 7 |25. 8 |20. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |GPM ratio |49. 7 |49. 6 |48. 3 |49. 9 |45. 6 |44. 0 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |ROE |13. 3 |10. 5 |17. 5 |19. 0 |26. 1 |20. 9 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |ROA |10. 9 |10. 7 |11. 2 |10. 7 |10. 2 |11. | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Debt to Equity Ratio |125. 8 |113. 4 |83. 5 |137. 6 |132. 9 |106. 4 | Exhibit 2: FGL Sales Revenue 2002-07 Exhibit 3: FGL Marketing Expense 2002-07 Exhibit 4 : Net Profit Margin Foster Group Ltd. Exhibit 5: Gross Profit Margin Foster Group Ltd. 2002-07 Exhibit 6: Return on Equity Foster Group Ltd. 2002-07 Exhibit 7:Debt to Equity Ratio Fosters Group Ltd. [pic][pic][pic] ———————– [1] 2007 Annual Report Lion Nathan Ltd – Australia segmental [2] Porter, â€Å"What is strategy? ’, pp 61-78. ———————– The concept of Product Life Cycle postulates that products, like human beings, pass through a number of different phases or stages of their life. The stages are described as introduction, growth, competitive turbulence, maturity and decline. GE/McKinsey Model BCG is a two dimentional model based on market growth and relative market share. The chart on the left sumarises the results obtained for the BCG analysis conducted for the James Boag premium beer line. (For further details refer to Appendix C:Exhibit 1 ). BCG Model Another tool used to identify effective product strategies is the GE / McKinsey model. This is used to identify the attractiveness of the market and the relative position of the brand. (For further details refer to Appendix C: Exhibit 2 ).

End Stage Dilated Cardiomyopathy CDCM Health And Social Care Essay

Approximately 3 million Americans suffer from end-stage DCM, and another 400,000 are diagnosed yearly [ 1 ] . Many of them suffer every twenty-four hours from bosom failure and every twelvemonth end-stage DCM is a lending factor in about a one-fourth million deceases [ 2 ] . As the population ages, the incidence of end-stage DCM is expected to increase greatly [ 3 ] . In congestive bosom failure ( CHF ) , antecedently normal bosom musculus becomes damaged, taking to a generalised weakening of the walls of the cardiac Chamberss [ 4 ] . To counterbalance for the weakening of their muscular walls, the cardiac Chamberss dilate in a procedure called â€Å" remodeling † [ 5 ] . The weakening and the dilation of the bosom musculus finally lead to bosom failure [ 6 ] . Dilated Cardiomyopathy [ 7 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //images.ddccdn.com/cg/images/en1294847.jpg Although in many instances no cause ( etiology ) is evident, end-stage DCM likely resulted from harm to the myocardium produced by a assortment of toxic, metabolic, or infective agents. It may besides be due to hempen alteration of the myocardium from old myocardial infarctions [ 8 ] . Patient forecast depends on the phase of the disease but is typically characterized by a high mortality rate. End-stage DCM will do decease due to progress, irreversible bosom failure and other jobs such as arrhythmias and stroke [ 9 ] . Other than bosom organ transplant, there are presently no healing intervention options for end-stage patients with this disease. However, other options such as Ventricular Assist Device ( VAD ) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ( CRT ) can besides be applied. [ 10 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scimitarequity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/cli_v2-300Ãâ€"258.gifA Possible Solution – Heart Transplant[ 11 ] Heart graft is a surgical graft process performed on patients with end-stage bosom failure due to distend myocardiopathy or terrible coronary arteria disease. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.barnesjewish.org/upload/images/Transplant/Heart % 20Transplant/Conditions % 20Leading % 20to % 20Transplant-435.gif The most common process is to take a on the job bosom from a late deceased organ giver ( homograft ) and engraft it into the patient. The patient ‘s ain bosom may either be removed ( orthotopic process ) or, less normally, left in to back up the donor bosom ( heterotopic process ) . Orthotopic process of cardiac organ transplant. [ 12 ] How bosom is transplanted: [ 12 ] A midline scratch is made over the breastbone to open the chest pit to acquire to the bosom. The great vass of the bosom are attached to a heart-lung beltway machine that enables the organic structure to keep blood flow to the organic structure and encephalon. The unhealthy bosom is removed and a healthy donor bosom is so sutured into topographic point. The heart-lung beltway machine is removed and the new bosom is restarted. Heterotropic process of bosom graft. [ 13 ] The bosom is donated by person who has been declared brain-dead but remains on life support. The donor bosom must be matched every bit closely as possible to the patient ‘s tissue type to cut down rejection of the new bosom by the organic structure. Because giver Black Marias are in short supply, graft can merely be carried out after extended scrutiny and probe have been performed on both giver and patient to guarantee the best possible result for both sides is achieved and to minimise complications. The patients need to be chronic plenty to necessitate a new bosom, yet healthy plenty to have and last with it. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/430/20080911223522/www.merckmedicus.com/ppdocs/us/common/cecils/b9781416028055500872/images/f001.jpgThe Risks of Heart TransplantDuring the first twelvemonth, 25 % of bosom graft receivers have marks of a possible rejection. The receiver ‘s immune system regards the new bosom as a â€Å" foreign organic structure † and attacks it. Therefore, the patient has to have life-long immunosuppressive drugs to stamp down the immune system from rejecting the giver ‘s bosom. Immunosuppressive drugs may weaken the patient ‘s immune system and cause infections, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes melllitus, osteoporeosis every bit good as kidney disease. [ 16 ] Receiving bosom from a close comparative whose blood and tissue type match the patients can cut down the dose of immunosuppressive drugs as it can cut down rejection. Besides, failure of the donor bosom may besides go on over clip, due to the same grounds that caused the original bosom to neglect and if the patient ‘s organic structure rejects the donor bosom or if cardiac homograft vasculopathy develops. Patients who have a failed bosom graft can be considered for a retransplant. [ 17 ] Additionally, the patients might hold the hazard of geting infection during the graft. There is besides a perioperative mortality of anesthesia and surgery between 0.03 % and 0.05 % due to change by reversal reaction to medicines and take a breathing jobs. [ 18 ] However, in my sentiment, the minute chance of mortality for the hazard of anaethesia should non deter a patient from undergoing bosom graft.The Effectiveness of Heart TransplantA bosom graft can reconstruct the wellness and energy experienced prior to bosom failure. The bosom graft receivers are placed in the advantaged place of taking their former normal and active lives, with drawn-out life. [ 19 ] After bosom graft, patients receive a new functioning bosom and their organic structures regain the normal bosom ‘s map. Quality of life is normally good, particularly if the side effects of the immunosuppressant drugs can be kept to a lower limit. [ 20 ] I believe that bosom graft is appropriate in handling end-stage DCM as the new bosom is able to pump blood out of the bosom to provide O needed by respiring cells in the organic structure. So, the patients do non necessitate to necessitate bosom machines any longer. The success rate one twelvemonth after the graft is 85 % to 90 % in twelvemonth 2006. This survey besides shows that 75 % are alive after five old ages ; and between 50 % and 60 % are alive after 10 old ages. [ 20 ] The operative mortality rate is about 8 % for the first twelvemonth from twelvemonth 2000 to 2005, which are considered rather low. [ 20 ] Thus, I strongly agree that bosom graft is an effectual solution to end-stage DCM due to its high success rate and comparatively low mortality rate. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.elsevier.es/ficheros/images/255/255v57n12/origen/255v57n12-13069891fig10.jpg Above figure shows the actuarial endurance curve, with an ab initio crisp lessening over the first twelvemonth followed by a less pronounced diminution of about 2.2 % annually. [ 21 ]Economic and Ethical IssuesThe cost of bosom graft is really high. The estimated cost to transfer a bosom without complications is about between US $ 140,000 to US $ 150,000. [ 22 ] Estimated U.S. Average 2008 Freshman Billed Charges Per Transplant [ 22 ] 30 yearss pre-transplant Procurement Hospital graft admittance Doctor during graft 180 yearss post-transplant admittance Immunosuppressant Sum Long-run direction of bosom graft related to immunosuppression, complications, and psychosocial accommodations bring a big economic load for those from hapless households. This fiscal issue calls for authorities subsidies for those hapless patients. Heart graft should, as a affair of national policy, be considered a medically necessary portion of attention for patients with bosom failure. Thus, authorities should go on to give resources to this expensive and complex, but life-saving, engineering. However, some people argued that this significant sum of money should be spent on bettering the criterions of public wellness and life alternatively of developing bosom graft. Nevertheless, I think that these controversial voices can be compromised if the authorities gives a balanced allotment for investing in bosom graft and the societal public assistance of general community. [ 1154 words ] Ethically, bosom graft is objected by some people sing their spiritual and societal norm. In Japan, a dead individual with an uncomplete organic structure before entombment is considered a bad luck. Most household of the deceased have denied consent to the Black Marias due to non wishing the thought of surgery on the organic structure, non being certain if the patient would hold agreed and non holding as a household whether to travel in front. Although age and sex of the possible giver did non impact the determination, households of cultural minority givers were more likely to decline consent than those of white givers. [ 23 ] Thus, I think informed consent, non killing in recovering variety meats, regard for giver and household wants, and prohibition of active mercy killings are among the rules that are of import to this ethical foundation of bosom graft. Besides, more persons should voluntarily register as organ giver to avoid the job of household refusal. Although merchandising and purchasing of Black Marias can increase the supply of Black Marias, it is frequently being argued as Black Marias are being commercialized and this violates human self-respect. Besides, most of these Black Marias are obtained illicitly by improper people for the interest of doing money. In my sentiment, rigorous Torahs should be enacted and enforced to control illegal bosom graft market. Even though there are some ethical statements sing bosom graft, I think that these statements should non deter critical DCM patients from undergoing bosom graft as they can upgrade their life after the graft, following the presently increasing endurance rates.Alternate SolutionsVentricular Assist Device ( VAD )Figure A shows the location of the bosom and the typical equipment needed for an implantable LVAD. Figure B shows how the LVAD is connected to the bosom. [ 24 ] VAD is a mechanical circulatory device that is used to replace the map of a failing bosom and is intended for short term usage – for patients retrieving from bosom onslaughts or bosom surgery ) or long term usage – for patients enduring from congestive bosom failure, due to end-stage DCM. [ 25 ] VADs are designed to help either the right ( RVAD ) or left ( LVAD ) ventricle, or both at one time ( BiVAD ) . Which of these types is used depends chiefly on the implicit in bosom disease and the pneumonic arterial opposition that determines the burden on right ventricle. Long-run VADs are usually used as finish therapy and a span to recovery for DCM. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Bar Graph: Treatment of End-Stage Heart Failure VAD is an effectual option in instance bosom graft could non be carried out due to inaccessibility of givers ‘ Black Marias or other factors. It is a more realistic solution to end-stage DCM as it helps the bosom to pump blood from the chief pumping chamber to the remainder of organic structure, while the patients are waiting for new bosom. In the last few old ages, VADs have improved significantly in footings of supplying endurance and quality of life among receivers. [ 28 ] Besides, VAD is instantly available, has planned intercession, accomplishable good degree of physical activity and possible recovery of native bosom. [ 29 ] However, the patient needs to be invariably depending on continually power-supplied device, and hazards including blood coagulums, hemorrhage, infection, and device malfunctions are involved with utilizing VAD. [ 30 ] When blood comes in contact with VAD, it tends to coagulate more. Blood coagulums can distrupt blood flow and may barricade blood vas taking to of import variety meats such as the encephalon, therefore doing serious complications such as shot or even decease. [ 30 ] The quotation mark above illustrates the hazards of VAD. This quotation mark, obtained from National Library of Medicine of United States through its website www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency is considered really valid and dependable as it agrees with the information provided by the on-line encyclopaedia of A.D.A.M. , Inc. Accredited by American Accreditation HealthCare Commission or URAC, URAC ‘s accreditation plan is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows strict criterions of quality and answerability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to accomplish this of import differentiation for on-line wellness information and services. A.D.A.M. Medical Review Board of Cardiology is headed by Marshall A. Corson, MD, Cardiology Section Chief Harborview Medical Center and Associate Professor of Medicine of University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington. Besides, this article is invariably updated with the last update on 22nd May 2010. However, the hazard of blood curdling can be reduced by taking anti-coagulants for every bit long as the patient is implanted with VAD.Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ( CRT )CRT is besides another signifier of therapy for CHF caused by end-stage DCM. It uses a specialised pacesetter to re-coordinate the action of the right and left ventricles in patients with bosom failure by pacing both ventricles at the same time. [ 31 ] When the work of the two ventricles is coordinated, the bosom ‘s efficiency additions, and the sum of work it takes for the bosom to pump blood is reduced. [ 32 ] T0 S: septate contraction oncoming ; T0 LW: sidelong wall contraction oncoming ; T0 A: vertex contraction oncoming ; T0 ANT: anterior contraction oncoming ; T0 INF: inferior contraction oncoming ; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy. This figure shows the times of oncoming of contraction in different walls. IN CHF patients, inferior-to-anterior activation sequence was ever with a bigger hold at baseline, which reduced after CRT. [ 34 ] CRT Device [ 33 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinic.org/images/crt-2col.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ispub.com/ispub/ijc/volume_6_number_1_5/synchronization_parameters_and_perfusion_improvement_after_cardiac_resynchronization_therapy/perfusion-fig1.jpg Surveies with CRT have demonstrated its ability to better the symptoms, the exercising capacity, and the feeling of wellbeing of many patients with moderate to severe bosom failure. [ 35 ] Surveies have besides shown that CRT can better both the anatomy and map of the bosom – care to cut down the size of the dilated left ventricle, and hence bettering the left ventricularA expulsion fraction. Most significantly, CRT can better the endurance of patients with bosom failure. [ 35 ] This beginning, an article entitled â€Å" The consequence of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in bosom failure † is written by voluntary scientists and health care professionals. The statements have a strict reappraisal and blessing procedure before being published. Many statements are written jointly with and reviewed by the American College of Cardiology and is published in extremely recognized diaries such as The New England Journal of Medicine. The grounds below from another beginning shows that the statements given from the article are true. CRT reduces hazard of all-cause mortality by 40 % , bosom failure ( HF ) due to DCM by 45 % and sudden decease by 46 % . [ 36 ] Degree centigrades: UsersafiqahDesktopallcausechrtext.jpg