Sources of Law free essay sample

Explain the different sources of Law in England. The legal system in the UK has expanded over many centuries and has also changed regularly during this period. The present UK law consists of four major sources that include the Interpretation of Statues (Acts of Parliament), Common Law, European law and European Court of Human Rights. ‘These sources of Law have all one common element, influenced by political, social and technological change. ’ (Open University, Block 1, Pg 89). This essay will focus on two sources of law, Statue Law and Common Law Statue Law is made by Parliament, i. . the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. Proposals for legislation Bills are presented to debate by and voted upon by the House of Common and the House of Lords, finally receiving the assent of the Monarch and thus becoming Acts (Statutes) of Parliament. ‘Acts of Parliament can originate from a number of sources; for example a national emergency, crisis or developmen t. ’ The Anti Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. This Act was introduced after the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on 11th September 2001’. Another source may derive from ‘Private Member’s Bill’ members of parliament have the authority to introduce their own legislations, an example being ‘The Marriage Act 1994’ this legislation allows people to marry in any registered place other than a Registry Office or religious building’. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 96 and 98). Parliament also has the authority to delegate the task of making laws to someone else this is referred to as ‘delegated legislation’ an example of delegated legislation ‘Byelaws’. Byelaws can be created by councils/local authorities where there is no ‘general legislation’ in place, a typical ‘byelaw’ would be the Greater London Authority Act 1999, section 385(1) this ‘byelaw’ was created to secure the proper management and preservation of Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square Garden (Open University, Block 1, Pg 114,116). Moving on, to look at Common law, Common law is a type of legal system that relies on precedents developed by judges and court cases. The most important concept of a common law system is that cases that are considered to be similar in circumstance to prior cases should result in the same ruling by the court. It is sometimes referred to as case law because it is built upon the results of individual cases. Judges use various rules to interpret legislation, the literal rule, the golden rule, the mischief rule and the purposive approach, looking closely at; the literal rule – as it suggests means that the judge will interpret the words of the Act literally, even if the outcome is unjustified or immoral. The literal rule has been used in numerous cases, such as  Fisher v Bell  [1960] 3 All ER 731. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 181). The golden rule is in effect an alteration of the literal rule. Like the literal rule, they follow the meaning of the words in the Act literally, the golden rule corrects what the judge believes to be an absurd result as in the case of Adler v George [1964] 1 All ER 628. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 182) Advantages/Disadvantages Statue Law/Common Law. Statute law has both advantages and disadvantages; one advantage is the thought that Parliament are more in touch with the outside law than judges. This means that a public opinion is taken into account. Another is that Parliament is free to make law points straight away, rather than waiting for a case to come along. This way, Parliament helps to fill in the gaps of case and common law. 2) Discuss the operation of precendent. The operation of precedent is where the past decisions of the judges create law for future judges to follow. This system relies on the hierarchy of the courts. Every court is bound to follow any decision made by a court higher in the hierarchy and in general appellate courts are bound to follow their own decisions. At the top of the hierarchy is the European Court of Justice, this court only has jurisdiction over some areas of the law such as European law. One main feature of the European Court of Justice is that it will overrule its own decisions if it feels necessary a decision made by the European Court of Justice is binding over all courts in England and Wales. The next court in the hierarchy is The House of Lords which is the most senior court in England and Wales. The House of Lords is not bound by its own decisions, but it will generally follow them. All courts in England and Wales are bound by the House of Lords decision. Following the House of Lords is the Court of Appeal, of which there are two divisions: criminal and civil. The two divisions must follow the decisions made by the House of Lords and the European Court of Justice; they must also follow their own decisions although there are limited exceptions to this rule. Below the Court of Appeal are the divisional courts (Queens Bench Division, Chancery Division and Family Division). The divisional courts have to follow their own decisions but again there are a few exceptions. Below the divisional courts are the High Court. The High Court has to follow all precedents of the higher courts and it binds the lower courts, it does not have to follow decisions but I generally does so. Judicial precedent refers to the source of common law where past decisions of judges create law for future judges t follow. This source is a major source of law both historically and today. The English system of precedent is based upon the Latin phrase; maxim stare decisis et non quieta movere (usually just stare decisis). This translated means; stand by what has been decided and do not unsettle the established. This supports the idea of fairness and certainty in the law. The basic idea is that the higher courts bind the lower courts. The European Court of Justice bounds all English courts and is not bound by its own past decisions. The House Of Lords is binding on all other courts and is bound by all its past decisions, this was true until 1966 when the practice statement was introduced allowing the court not to be bound by its own past decisions if it seas necessary. So previous decisions normally are normally binding unless it appears right not to in a particular case, few cases use the practice statement, as there is a need for certainty. An example of this is the cases of British Railways Board v Herrington (1972), followed by R v R (1991) and Hall v Simons (2000). dvantages and Disadvantages of Statute Law Advantages Parliaments are elected because they have policies people want. Therefore, their laws are likely to be closer to what people want. A Judge might not be in touch with the ideas of ordinary people. Parliament is elected, and it could be said, has the right to make laws. A Judicial Precedent is normally only about one point – an Act of Parliament covers a whole range of things and is therefore more thorough. Disadvantages Acts of Parliament often use difficult language and a lot of time in a case can be spent arguing about what they mean. It takes a long tome to pass an Act of Parliament – the process is slow Advantages and disadvantages of judicial precedent Advantages Because of the hierarchy of courts, it is easier for lawyers to be aware of Precedents and can advise their clients before the go to court. There are opportunities for the law to grow and change. Precedents mean that there is incredible detail in the law (about half a million reported cases). Having examples from before means that it makes it easier to make a good decision. Disadvantages Some courts, particularly the House of Lords is unwilling to overrule old decisions, even when most Law Lords think they are wrong. . The law is slow to change, because it only changes in response to cases coming up

Parenting Styles free essay sample

Reflection Paper. Mr. and Mrs. Harsh Heart believe in the importance of stern discipline and impose strict rules that they expect their children to obey without question. They penalize behavior hars hly, frequently with spanking. Mr. and Mrs. Easygoing do not use punishment to enforce their rules and believe in natural consequences teaching lessons and setting limits on behavior. They have regular fam ily meetings with their children to discuss household rules and their importance to the family dynamic s. These styles of parenting have their advantages and disadvantages. There are ethical and unethical ssues when it comes to discipline with punishment styles as well. The advantages and disadvantages of The Harsh Heart family can lead to positive outcomes and horrible. The Harsh family would be the authoritarian style of parenting. This styl e would be the old fashioned style. This style believes in the usual strict rules with no question. We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequ ences are harsher than normal when looked at the situation. Strict parents hold their students to high standards in academics. The parents dema nd perfect grades from their children and the children most of the time live to those expectation . Strict parents may use the academic performance as a guideline for other activities, such as the childre n will be limited in other fun activities if they do not excel in their school work. The children tend not to s lack off on school work to keep other activities available. Strict parent usually install more confidence in their children. They dont only discipline their children but teach them the importance of discipline. The children become more morally strong and realise that their decisions in life have consequenc es that they must encounter. In a slack, less strict, permissive environment a child can become selfish. A strict family tends to make it equal because the children have to do work Just as the parents do such as chores in the household. The idea of a teamwork is introduced to the child and will become a part of his lifestyle. Kristofor Cooper 2 The downfalls of strict parenting are Just as strong as the good outcomes of strict par enting. The children can become rebellious, if the parents are Just strict but do not allow much or high expectations or do not guide their children, the children may not learn right from wrong themselve . The child may simply Just behave when parents are around. Some strict parents are not open to ide as and forget to communicate with their children. Which give their children communication problems . The child will feel less confident and more insecure. The feelings of the child wont be expressed becau se he may believe his feelings will be criticized or punished. The children will need someone to confide in and the parent may not be available for this role. Studies of Spanish and Brazilian adolescents have reported that teens from authoritarian homes had lower self steem than did teens from authoritative or permissive families (Martinez and Garcia 2007; Martinez and Garcia 2008). Secrets and lies manifest wit hin the relationship between the child and parent. When children are under the pressure of strict rules, they learn how to avoid punishment through lies and deceit. This leads to lying about plac es they are going and friends they hang out with and also activities they do. Sometimes the child in a st rict household does not learn to ma ke responsible situations because the decision was always made for t hem. This can lead o dangerous outcomes and wrongful guidance because they lack the ability to think i ndependently. Sometimes with strict discipline the idea that the person with the most power is alwa ys right can take place within the child and thus he should obey whoever that is or even he may be th e leader of that relationship. As the person grows he may question the authority and be unlikely to ta ke responsibility of his actions and be a victim of peer pressure. Bullying is also another outcome of stric t parenting. Children raised in a strict home become very angry and aggressive. A strict parent m y lack empathy. They dont establish why these rules are there. They Just present the rules and you m ust follow without question. This leads to the child become frustrated in these conditions. A bully is a m Dep 2004 3 relationship between parent and child. The child may be afraid of his parent, and the refore obeys. If a parent yells and uses force on the child, the child may turn to those actions with othe r people. The advantages and disadvantages of the Easygoing family can lead to various outco mes as well. The Easygoing family seems to be an authoritative family. The difference would e that they involve the children in the rules and are open to suggestions and ideas. The children have a voice in this household. The authoritative family is one of the better ways to raise a child in my opinion. They know when step in with discipline and apply the right amount and do not go overboard with the penalty. These parents are flexible and easy to approach even if the child is shy or loudspoken. These parents are stern through love and authority. They install the ability to compromise in the children and the children also become flexible. The parents arent monsters ut they are not pushovers as well. They are more of a mixture of the two and become firm and very reasonable which allows them and the children to communicate better. The parents and children from rules which are reasonable, fair and flexible depending on the lifestyle of both people. These parents listen to the child emotions as well, he knows that the relationship is mutual and respectable. The parent is encouraging the child and allows the child to become responsible be allowing them to make their own decisions. The relationship between the parent and child is healthy, warm, friendly and espectful and knows the right approach to handling disputes and disagreements. The parent does not offend the emotions of the child, yet they understand and become a shoulder for the child to lean on. This creates a sense of security, which lets them know what ever the problem they will always be loved and accepted for the mistakes and circumstances. The authoritative parents understand the need for change and thus flex the freedoms to meet the childs growing sense of autonomy. This helps the children develop into mature, responsible and trustworthy 4 individuals. Because of the connection

Japan free essay sample

In Kawabatas Snow Country, a central theme has been focused on wasted effort. Throughout the novel, the phrase wasted effort from Shimamura has been recurring. The notion of performing a task without it having a definite purpose or end seems futile to Shimamura. Shimamura focuses on Komakos wasted efforts throughout the novel, yet does not really look to his own.The first time which wasted effort was mentioned, was when Komako was describing to Shimamura of her diary. Komako describes that in her diary she lists the character relations and minor details of each book she read, when asked about the purpose for doing such a thing Komako simply replies, None at all. To which Shimamura retorted, A waste of effort. (41). In this example, it seems that Shimamura perceives wasted effort as doing something without purpose. It appears pointless to him that Komako listed what she had previously read, yet this small activity gives Komako joy and brings her to the days in which she lived in Tokyo. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second time that wasted effort was mentioned was when he found out that Komako might be Yukios fiancà ©, where Shimamura thinks, If Komako was the mans fiancà ©e, and Yoko was his new lover, and the man was going to die—the expression wasted effort again came to Shimamuras mind. For Komako thus to guard her promise to the end, for her even to sell herself to pay doctors bill—what was it if not wasted effort? (61). In his mind Shimamura perceives the effort of both Komako and Yoko as wasted effort, Shimamura cannot fathom the excess effort both these girls are putting themselves through in order to benefit Yukio despite his falling condition. This time Shimamura takes the meaning of wasted effort as not only doing without purpose, but also exerting excess effort on things which are fleeting. Yukios condition which is wavering, is reason enough for Shimamura to question why Komako would put herself in such a satiation despite Yukios inevitable demise.The third time wasted effort was mentioned was when Shimamura learned that Komako practiced her samisen exclusively through score, To Shimamura it was a wasted effort, this way of living. He sensed in it too a longing that called out to him for sympathy. (72-73). This excerpt seemed familiar to Shimamuras view of wasted effort when Komako described her diary, he sees the longing which she felt and remembered the times in which she practiced in Toky o, yet despite this Shimamura views this as sad. The next time the phrase was mentioned was when Shimamura was climbing the mountain, Though he was an idler who might as well spend his time in the mountains as anywhere. He looked upon mountain climbing as almost a model of wasted effort. For that very reason it pulled at him with the attraction of the unreal. (112). In both Komakos practicing of the Samisen and Shimamuras experience of climbing a mountain, the phrase explains endless cycle of events. The last statement on that passage is also important. It seemed that it shows that after he viewed something which he considers as wasted effort, he diverted his attention to the unreal, perhaps to retain his vision of beauty in doing that matter. The final time which wasted effort is reiterated was during his encounter with Yoko, He was conscious of an emptiness that made him see Komakos life as beautiful but wasted, even though he himself was the object of her love; and yet the womans existence, her straining to live, came touching him like naked skin. He pitied her, and he pitied himself. (127-128). In this final reference, Shimamura finally sees that he is also experiencing wasted effort. Shimamura knows that his affair with Komako would end, and despite this has placed so much effort over her. He pitted both himself and Komako for this reason. Shimamura throughout the novel was quick to point out the wasted efforts of others, yet did not fully realize that he himself was exhibiting the same habits. Shimamura and Komako are similar in that they both exhibit wasted effort with an almost childlike quality, which is juxtaposed by an adult like nature. Komako still being a very young woman, shows traits of adulthood and responsibility, yet continuously does things which will ultimately end fruitless. Komakos decision in becoming a Geisha, was based on an adult decision to help a longtime friend, despite knowing he would ultimately parish. Her hobbies of writing down what she had previously read into her diary and practicing the Samisen without ever having an audience satisfied Komako, yet Shimamura pitied her actions and classified them as pointless. Shimamura an older gentleman was quick to point out others fruitless actions, yet did not start to question his own until the end. Shimamura suspended himself in a fantasy with Komako and even referenced the lack at attention he had given his family during those times. This to me seems like a childish act on Shimamuras part, which is ju xtaposed by Komakos adult like actions in trying to aid her dying friend. Shimamura pitied Komakos diary, yet he himself would write manuscripts about the art of Ballet, without ever actually seeing a live show. Shimamuras manuscripts were in sense Komakos diary entries, he would write about and fanaticize about something he had not seen in person, and indulged in the fact that he would leave the dance up to his imagination. Shimamura viewed life as if he was detached to the tangible essence of it because he dwelled too much on the unreal. He kept on telling of wasted effort on the things being done without any assurance of the result, to think that is one of the realities in life. A reality which Komako experienced, and understood yet Shimamura with age and knowledge could not fully understand.A bc d e f g h I j kl m n o p q r s t u Japan free essay sample A history of early twentieth century Japan with emphasis on the rise and fall of its economy. This paper discusses Japans rise to the international forefront at the beginning of the twentieth century and examines how the economic downturn in the 1920s paved the way for the rise of the militarists and ultimately to Japanese aggression in the 1930s. In 1920 Japans wartime economic boom distorted, and the country suffered a series of recessions. The great Kanto earthquake of 1923, which devastated the Tokyo-Yokohama region, aggravated bad economic conditions. Agricultural prices plunged, and the rural economy became indolent. A major bank panic in 1927 set off alarm bells, but conditions grew much poorer with the onset of the Great Depression, the global economic slump that began at the end of 1929. Japans manufacturing production fell, workers were laid off, a new wave of strikes began, and the rural economy went into a tailspin. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

USS North Carolina (BB-55) in World War II

USS North Carolina (BB-55) in World War II USS North Carolina (BB-55) was the lead ship of the North Carolina-class of battleships. The first new design constructed by the US Navy since the early 1920s, the North Carolina-class incorporated a variety of new technologies and design approaches.   Entering service in 1941, North Carolina saw extensive service in the Pacific during World War II and took part in nearly all of the major Allied campaigns. This saw it earn 15 battles stars, the most won by any American battleship. Retired in 1947, North Carolina was taken to Wilmington, NC in 1961 and opened as a museum ship the following year.   Treaty Limitations The story of the North Carolina-class begins with the Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and London Navy Treaty (1930) which limited warship size and total tonnage. As a result of the treaties, the US Navy did not built any new battleships for the most the 1920s and 1930s. In 1935, the General Board of the US Navy began preparations for the design of a new class of modern battleships. Operating under the constraints imposed by the Second London Naval Treaty (1936), which limited total displacement to 35,000 tons and the caliber of guns to 14, designers worked through a multitude of designs to create a new class that combined an effective mix of firepower, speed, and protection. Design and Construction After extensive debate, the General Board recommended design XVI-C which called for a battleship capable of 30 knots and mounting nine 14 guns. This recommendation was overruled by Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson who favored the XVI design which mounted twelve 14 guns but had a maximum speed of 27 knots. The final design of what became the North Carolina-class emerged in 1937 after Japans refusal to agree to the 14 restriction imposed the treaty. This allowed the other signatories to implement the treatys escalator clause which permitted an increase to 16 guns and a maximum displacement of 45,000 tons. As a result, USS North Carolina and its sister, USS Washington, were redesigned with a main battery of nine 16 guns. Supporting this battery were twenty 5 dual purpose guns as well as an initial installation of sixteen 1.1 anti-aircraft guns. In addition, the ships received the new RCA CXAM-1 radar. Designated BB-55, North Carolina was laid down at the New York Naval Shipyard on October 27, 1937. Work progressed on the hull and the battleship slid down the ways on June 3, 1940 with Isabel Hoey, daughter of the Governor of North Carolina, serving as sponsor. USS North Carolina (BB-55) - Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: New York Naval ShipyardLaid Down: October 27, 1937Launched: June 13, 1940Commissioned: April 9, 1941Fate: Museum ship at Wilmington, NC Specifications: Displacement: 34,005 tonsLength: 728.8 ft.Beam: 108.3 ft.Draft: 33 ft.Propulsion: 121,000 hp, 4 x General Electric steam turbines, 4 x propellersSpeed: 26 knotsRange: 20,080 miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,339 men Armament Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in.(410 mm)/45 cal. Mark 6 guns (3 x triple turrets)20 Ãâ€" 5 in (130 mm)/38 cal. dual-purpose guns60 x quad 40mm antiaircraft guns46 x single 20mm cannon Aircraft 3 x aircraft Early Service Work on North Carolina ended in early 1941 and the new battleship was commissioned on April 9, 1941 with Captain Olaf M. Hustvedt in command. As the US Navys first new battleship in nearly twenty years, North Carolina quickly became a center of attention and earned the enduring nickname Showboat. Through the summer of 1941, the ship conducted shakedown and training exercises in the Atlantic. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the US entry into World War II, North Carolina prepared to sail for the Pacific. The US Navy soon delayed this movement as there was concern that the German battleship Tirpitz might emerge to attack Allied convoys. Finally released to the US Pacific Fleet, North Carolina passed through the Panama Canal in early June, just days after the Allied triumph at Midway. Arriving at Pearl Harbor after stops at San Pedro and San Francisco, the battleship began preparations for combat in the South Pacific. South Pacific Departing Pearl Harbor on July 15 as part of a task force centered on the carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) North Carolina steamed for the Solomon Islands. There it supported the landing of US Marines on Guadalcanal on August 7. Later in the month, North Carolina provided anti-aircraft support for the American carriers during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. As Enterprise sustained significant damage in the fighting, the battleship began serving as an escort for USS Saratoga (CV-3) and then USS Wasp (CV-7) and USS Hornet (CV-8). On September 15, the Japanese submarine I-19 attacked the task force. Firing a spread of torpedoes, it sunk Wasp and the destroyer USS OBrien as well as damaged North Carolinas bow. Though the torpedo opened a large hole on the ships port side, the ships damage control parties quickly dealt with the situation and averted a crisis. Arriving at New Caledonia, North Carolina received temporary repairs before departing for Pearl Harbor. There, the battleship entered drydock to fix the hull and its anti-aircraft armament was enhanced. Tarawa Returning to service after a month in the yard, North Carolina spent much of 1943 screening American carriers in the vicinity of the Solomons. This period also saw the ship receive new radar and fire control equipment. On November 10, North Carolina sailed from Pearl Harbor with Enterprise as part of the Northern Covering Force for operations in the Gilbert Islands. In this role, the battleship provided support for Allied forces during the Battle of Tarawa. After bombarding Nauru in early December, North Carolina screened USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)when its aircraft attacked New Ireland. In January 1944, the battleship joined Rear Admiral Marc Mitschers Task Force 58. Island Hopping Covering Mitschers carriers, North Carolina also provided fire support for troops during the Battle of Kwajalein in late January. The following month, it protected the carriers as they mounted raids against Truk and the Marianas. North Carolina continued in this capacity for much of the spring until returning to Pearl Harbor for repairs on its rudder. Emerging in May, it rendezvoused with American forces at Majuro before sailing for the Marianas as part of Enterprises task force. Taking part in the Battle of Saipan in mid-June, North Carolina struck a variety of targets ashore. Upon learning that the Japanese fleet was approaching, the battleship departed the islands and protected American carriers during the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19-20. Remaining in the area until the end of the month, North Carolina then departed for the Puget Sound Navy Yard for a major overhaul. Finished in late October, North Carolina rejoined Admiral William Bull Halseys Task Force 38 at Ulithi on November 7. Final Battles Shortly thereafter, it endured a severe period at sea as TF38 sailed through Typhoon Cobra. Surviving the storm, North Carolina supported operations against Japanese targets in the Philippines as well as screened raids against Formosa, Indochina, and the Ryukyus. After escorting carriers on a raid on Honshu in February 1945, North Carolina turned south to provided fire support for Allied forces during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Shifting west in April, the ship fulfilled a similar role during the Battle of Okinawa. In addition to striking targets ashore, North Carolinas anti-aircraft guns aided in dealing with the Japanese kamikaze threat. Later Service Retirement After a brief overhaul at Pearl Harbor in late spring, North Carolina returned to Japanese waters where it protected carriers conducting airstrikes inland as well as bombarded industrial targets along the coast. With the surrender of Japan on August 15, the battleship sent part of its crew and Marine Detachment ashore for preliminary occupation duty. Anchoring in Tokyo Bay on September 5, it embarked these men before departing for Boston. Passing through the Panama Canal on October 8, it reached its destination nine days later. With the end of the war, North Carolina underwent a refit at New York and began peacetime operations in the Atlantic. In the summer of 1946, it hosted the US Naval Academys summer training cruise in the Caribbean. Decommissioned on June 27, 1947, North Carolina remained on the Navy List until June 1, 1960. The following year, the US Navy transferred the battleship to the State of North Carolina for a price of $330,000. These funds were largely raised by the states school children and the ship was towed to Wilmington, NC. Work soon began to convert the ship into a museum and North Carolina was dedicated as a memorial to the states World War II veteran in April 1962.

Bonus assignment #1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bonus assignment #1 - Case Study Example The CEO is Joseph W. Luter, III while the Board chair is Wendell H. Murphy. The Board structure of Smithfield is of the norm since the company is legally instituted. The director depending on whether they are employees or not are subjected to fees and shareholding respectively (Smithfield Corporation, 2012). Directors’ interest can be aligned to that of shareholders by making them one of the shareholders. The company has not a nomination committee (Smithfield Corporation, 2012) and I think shareholders hence vote the directors the independence of the process, which is guided by law. The audit committee is composed of Audit Committee is comprised of Messrs. Faison and Murphy, it is independent and it held a meeting once which is satisfactory. Greenberg joined the board in 1987 while Richard Holland is a manager and Banker by profession. The firm held nine annual boards meetings all of them attending at least 75% as required. Stock ownership of Smithfield by other shareholder stands at 55.7% leaving the rest for the CEO who is therefore the majority shareholder hence in direct control. The other directors holding more than 5% shareholding are passive to the business operations while exercising control through their major vote. Though the company exercises professional management, its governance structure is that which exercises control from the top (Smithfield Corporation, 2012). The leadership has tried to modify this depending on the environment of operation making the company survive despite fierce competition in its

Responding to religious diversity in classrooms Case Study

Responding to religious diversity in classrooms - Case Study Example her customs and norms of different cultures, but one has to be prudent enough to close argumentative statements and believes when the initial signs begin to show. One aim of every class teacher is to make her students a positive and appreciative member of society who can respect and give space to different cultural believes. Therefore awareness of diversity among children is an acceptable notion .Different sessions for students and parents can be held so to spread the awareness about religious diversity. Workshops for parents of the mainstream culture can also be held so they can train their off springs with the understanding of acceptance. Developing a sense of sensitivity in both parent and children can help in a long run to the road of acceptance. A teacher needs to study the background and the profile of the child thoroughly and before planning keeping those distinguishing factors in mind, plan an activity. And if somehow the event calls for the same activity trims and change activity for that specific child who can not perform due to his ideas or

Philosophy - Practical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophy - Practical Ethics - Essay Example In this paper I will discuss the moral difference between abortion and infanticide with special reference to the views of Michael Tooley and Mary Anne Warren. Metaphysics is an area of philosophy that deals with questions having to do with the ultimate grounding and nature of things in the world. It is concerned with such diverse topics as the mind/body problem, identity, God, the existence and nature of universals, the existence and nature of the soul, and so on. Thus, the morality of abortion, if it is to be construed as contingent upon the nature of the fetus, is an issue whose resolution depends on which metaphysical view of the human person is correct. Given this, let us take a look at Michael's argument. Although he makes many provocative and interesting claims that deserve a reply, I will focus on a small portion of his essay that I believe is the core of his case. According to Michael, "the first principle of religious liberty is that laws will not be based upon abstract metaphysical speculation, but will be fashioned through the democratic processes in which every perspective is subject to critical analysis (Michael, 2000). Any proposal must be open either to revision or rejection." He then goes on to cite, as an example of what is not speculative metaphysics, the viability standard proposed by the Court in Roe. I will first critique Michael's use and defense of the viability standard and then move on to a general critique of Michael's view of "abstract metaphysical speculation." ... the viability standard in particular, fairly, sensibly, and effectively functions to safeguard the constitutional liberties of pregnant women while recognizing and accommodating the State's interest in potential human life. The viability line reflects the biological facts and truths of fetal development; it marks the threshold moment prior to which a fetus cannot survive separate from the woman and cannot reasonably and objectively be regarded as a subject of rights or interests distinct from, or paramount to, those of the pregnant woman (Michael, 2000). At the same time, the viability standard takes account of the undeniable fact that as the fetus evolves into its postnatal form, and as it loses its dependence on the uterine environment, the State's interest in the fetus' potential human life, and in fostering a regard for human life in general, becomes compelling. Michael's argument for the viability standard is nearly identical to the one presented by Blackmun: Part of the genius in Roe v. Wade (now affirmed in Casey) was putting forward the standard of viability: that stage of development at which the fetus has sufficient neurological and physical maturation to survive outside the womb. Prior to that, the fetus simply is not sufficiently developed as an independent being deserving and requiring the full protection of the law, i.e., a person (Michael, 2000). The notion of viability correlates biological maturation with personal identity in a way that can be recognized and accepted by reasonable people. Michael's use of the viability standard is seriously flawed. First, he praises the Court's legal use of the standard and then employs the standard as a decisive moment at which he believes it is reasonable to say that the fetus becomes a person, even though that is