Effects of Civil War Essay -- essays research papers

When a war occurs, it takes years for the society or societies involved to return to a more normal, calm state. In the case of the American Civil War, many aspects of the country were disrupted after the war ended in 1865. Relations were strained, land had been destroyed, families torn apart, and much more. The economy struggled, and many Southerners did not want to accept a loss. The death count for the American Civil War was also an amazing number, and made a large dent into families, businesses, and towns across the nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When examining the physical damage to the land after the end of the war, it was obvious that much of the country had been brutally trampled and scarred by the battles and rampages of the war. As troops had moved across areas, they had burnt many fields and homes in proof of their defiance against their enemies. Also, many cities, towns, and businesses had been set fire as the troops had captured and traveled through them. Many of these fires took lives, and often made making a fresh start and rebuilding seem like an impossible venture. The land that had been destroyed by these fires also was very tattered and would take many years to rehabilitate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The countless buildings, homes, businesses and structures that had been torn down and broken apart, were definitely very discouraging matters for the citizens after the war ended. Many families had lost their homes to traveling troops during battles...

Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin

Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin give the reader a taste of what marriage must have been like and is still like for some. Both the narrator in Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"Story of an Hour† are repressed wives. The society they live in and gender roles contribute to their repressed states. Both Chopin and Gilman write of women’s’ issues in many of their works and explore the roles and lives of women but in very different ways. Both authors show us women who feel very trapped and do not have control of even the most obvious aspects of their lives.Freedom is achieved in very unconventional ways in both these stories, but the kind of freedom these narrators achieve is not available to most women of the time. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the narrator, who significantly is never named, is significantly repressed by her husband. Her husband is a doctor who is at bes t patronizing and at worst demeaning to her For example, â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage† (Gilman). This quote is included to make the reader question this relationship.Were women supposed to be laughed at in marriage? Another example of this would be â€Å"Then he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose† (Gilman). Again, her husband is patronizing her. It is not that she doesn’t love her husband or even that he doesn’t love her. It is simply that this is the way marriage is expected to be. She must bend to his every whim and do exactly what he tells her. She doesn’t even have control of her own body or her own medical treatment in this story. Her husband is a man and a doctor, both of which make him â€Å"right.† The reader infers that the narrator has recently had a baby and is suffering from post-partum depression, which is undiagnosed at the time Gilman writes. Her husband John has ta ken her to a vacation home/mental health facility for the summer. She has no say in this decision but is only told to rest and recover. When she wants to go visit her cousins Henry and Julia, she is again turned down. Her husband really plays more of a parental role with her. Eventually she begins to peel the wallpaper to give her something to do, and she sees a woman trapped behind the wallpaper. This woman represents her.She is trapped in this house, in this life—only she has no one to help her escape. She sets about freeing this woman; only when she does, she suddenly becomes the woman. The narrator says, â€Å"I've got out at last,† said I, â€Å"in spite of you and Jane! And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back! † (Gilman) Significantly, she has escaped although she has lost her sanity as well. Charlotte Perkins-Gilman herself tells us why she wrote this story, and that is to stop women from going crazy. Women need to free themselves from the bonds of men. In â€Å"Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin’s narrator seems like a typical wife.Her husband has gone on a hunting trip, and when she gets news of his death, she is at first very sad. Then she begins to understand the ramifications of him being gone, the idea that she can now live for herself, and she celebrates. â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: â€Å"free, free, free! † (Chopin) The narrator realizes exactly what her husband’s death means. â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.† (Chopin) However, this celebration is brief because she then gets news that in fact, her husband is still alive. She dies of heart failure. Everyone believes that she has died from â€Å"the joy that kills,† (Chopin), but the reader knows that she has died over the unpleasant shock that her husband is still alive. Kate Chopin, of course, is implying for us that â€Å"real happiness cannot exist without the necessary conditions of freedom and equality. † While Mrs. Mallard has not been miserable in her marriage, nor did she spend her time thinking about whether her marriage was happy, she has now had a glimpse of what her life would be like alone.She loved the thought and was excited about facing life alone. The reader understands that while the narrator did not necessarily know it at the time, she was still repressed by her marriage and that constant bending of her will to another human being. Both of these authors provide us with a realistic picture of what marriage could and can be like. They are repressed and trapped in their relationships, but each author shows us a different way out. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† ironically the na rrator escapes through insanity.She frees the woman in the wallpaper, thereby freeing herself of societal expectations. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour,† the narrator first escapes through the death of her husband and then through her own death. It isn’t that she doesn’t love her husband. She does experience momentary grief, but through her grief and fear, she gets a glimpse of what her future could look like. She understands that she will finally be able to live for herself. So, when she finds out her husband is alive, she dies of a heart attack. How sad it is that these women can escape in no other ways.Both Gilman and Chopin were masters at allowing the reader to see the way that women were repressed in their society. We don’t hate the men; we just wish women did not have to be so subservient. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl- etexts/kchopin/bl-kchop-story. htm Esch, S tacy Tartar. http://brainstorm-services. com/wcu-2005/poe-story-hour. html 2001-2005. Accessed March 18, 2007. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl-etexts/cpgilman/bl-cpgilman-yellowwall. htm

Oligopoly Market Structure - 2237 Words

Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure in which the number of sellers is small. Oligopoly requires strategic thinking, unlike perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. †¢ Under perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition, a seller faces a well defined demand curve for its output, and should choose the quantity where MR=MC. The seller does not worry about how other sellers will react, because either the seller is negligibly small, or already a monopoly. Under oligopoly, a seller is big enough to affect the market. You must respond to your rivals’ choices, but your rivals are responding to your choices. †¢ In oligopoly markets, there is a tension between cooperation and self-interest. If all the†¦show more content†¦Jack does not care that Jill’s output is sold at a lower price. The price effect is smaller for duopoly than monopoly, and the quantity effect favors more output whenever price is above marginal cost. Therefore, the Nash equilibrium price will be closer to marginal cost than the monopoly price. The more firms in the oligopoly, the smaller the price effect will be, and the lower the Nash equilibrium price. When the number of firms approaches infinity, the price effect approaches zero. Therefore, each seller will increase output whenever the price is above marginal cost. In the limit, we have the perfectly competitive price, and the socially efficient quantity. A Brief Introduction to Game Theory Game Theory can be used to study oligopoly games other than the â€Å"quantity competition† game played by Jack and Jill, as well as arms races, voting games, bargaining games, and so on. A Game is defined to be: †¢ A set of players †¢ A set of possible strategies for each player, †¢ A payoff or outcome function that assigns payoffs to each player for each combination of strategies (one strategy for each player). The Prisoners’ Dilemma Bonnie and Clyde are caught with illegal weapons (1 year sentence), but are suspected of bank robbery. Interrogated in separate rooms. If both remain silent, one year each. If one confesses, and testifies against the other, he or she will get immunity and the other gets 20 years. If both confess, their testimony isShow MoreRelatedOligopoly Market Structure2723 Words   |  11 PagesRunning Head: Marketing Structures Toyota as an example of an oligopoly market structure Name: Institution: Instructor’s Name: Course code: Course Title: Contents Contents 2 Toyota as an example of an oligopoly market structure 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Terminologies of market structures 3 1.11 Perfect competition 4 1.12 Monopoly 4 1.13 Monopolistic competition 4 1.14 Oligopoly 4 2.0 THE TOYOTA COMPANY 5 2.1 Characteristics of an Oligopoly 6 2.2 Toyota Motor Company’sRead MoreMarket Structure of Oligopoly 1755 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyse The Structure Of The Market Structure Of Oligopoly And The Difficulty In Predicting Output And Profits Market structure of oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few firms producing all or most of the market supply of a particular good or service and whose decisions about the industrys output can affect competitors. Examples of oligopolistic structures are supermarket, banking industry and pharmaceutical industry. The characteristics of the oligopoly are: • SmallRead MoreMonopolistic and Oligopoly Market Structures2166 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction – Market structures and cases under study Definition - The interconnected characteristics of a market, such as the number and relative strength of buyers and sellers and degree of collusion among them, level and forms of competition, extent of product differentiation, and ease of entry into and exit from the market. Market structures under study are ones which are more pronounced than others in the real world i.e. ‘Monopolistic competition’ and ‘Oligopoly’. Very few markets in realRead MoreEconomic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure1715 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction 1a. Article Summary In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of aRead MoreThe Market Structures, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly And Monopoly1507 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction A market is a dynamic and restless institution where commercial dealing between buyers and sellers takes place. There are many companies and businesses that run the market. According to how the firm functions and other factors like the number of competitor firms and the type of products produced, the firm is classified into a particular market structure. The other competing firms in the market structure affect the pricing strategies of a particular firm in the same industry. Based onRead MoreMarket Structures : Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition And Oligopoly2078 Words   |  9 PagesExecutive summary The main purpose of this report is to introduce four market structures – perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly, and their determinations of price and output. It also discussed the possibility for firms to generate profits in the short-run and/or in the long-run within these four market structures. It will be shown in the discussion that both monopolistic and oligopolistic firms are able to generate profits in both short-run and long-run, while firmsRead MoreReflection Paper1607 Words   |  7 Pageslearning team began discussing the topic of market structures. According to our readings, there are four different types of market structures such as pure competition, a pure monopoly, a monopolistic competition, and an oligopoly. Each one of these market structures are diverse in definition, characteristics, and in application, which will be further explained later in detail. We had learned that each one of these four market structures can be applied to businesses, organizationsRead MoreInside Mass Trading By The Nearby Chairman1320 Words   |  6 Pagesto outwardly analyze the sundry business structures. My part is to give dissection and answers to these principal inquiries that will profit the chairman comprehend the structures of a number of the organizations in his city. With a specific end goal to short the leader, I was given the errand to examine the different business structures and qualities of every that will be examined in incredible detail alongside samples of the sundry business structures. Different focuses that will be examinedRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Company Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structure Introduction There are four types of market structures and they are monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. What is a market structure? A market structure is â€Å"the makeup of the companies operating in a particular market.† Why is the market structure important to the producer as well as the consumer? It distinguishes the difference in seller numbers, buyer numbers, seller entry barriers, and buyer entry barriers. The main differences in market structuresRead MoreCompetition and Markets Module 5 SLP800 Words   |  4 Pages Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP Name: Institution: Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP The firm to be addressed in this case is Travelodge. It is a franchise firm which was founded by Scott king in the year 1939 and later began franchising in the year 1966. It offers exceptionally high quality products and services. In addition to its services, it is committed in its work, enabling it to acquire world-class attention and everybody interested to know more about it and also experience

Respect in the Military - 5062 Words

Respect Respect, especially in the Army is a very important value to live by. It is much more than just talking kindly and listening to someone. It is the process of taking into consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and needs. You must also focus on their ideas, thoughts, and preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and acknowledge that you are tracking them and that you comprehend and believe in what they are saying, It is important to allow someone to feel your respect for them. It will ease the conversation and create trust. Behavior and attitude will allow the person demanding respect to feel that respect. When we†¦show more content†¦If a higher-ranking soldier is talking to you, you stand in the correct body position—parade rest or attention--and you listen to what they have to say. Make respect an overall attitude. It is not simply a thing given to a person after they have proven themselves but rather it is earned. Respect is something that many people would do many things to have. Some would die for it (i.e. Samurai warriors back in ancient Japan—they would take their own lives before the enemies took their lives). Some would endure endless pain and suffering if they thought others would respect them for it; think people being tortured rather than divulge top-secret information. This often holds true here in the military. During our ‘smoke’ sessions, we often see others outperform each other and make a competition out of it, just to earn respect. People see who can last the longest, who can take the most pressure. Gangs and cults are the same way. They go through pain in order to look tough and earn respect. They even jump each other into the gangs. This means they get beat up by numerous people just to prove their toughness. To me, this is ridiculous. If someone cannot respect you for whom you are, than they are not worth the time and effort of earning their respect. I understand that you must prove yourself, but there are easier ways of doing so. In the case of many of us military personnel, there is a mix of importance placed on respect. Some people, like myself, depend only on freely givenShow MoreRelatedRespect in the Military5071 Words   |  21 PagesRespect Respect, especially in the Army is a very important value to live by. It is much more than just talking kindly and listening to someone. It is the process of taking into consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and needs. You must also focus on their ideas, thoughts, and preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and acknowledge that you are tracking them and that you comprehendRead MoreRespect in the Military1183 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this essay is to further my knowledge of the Army NCO support channel, chain of command and why we as Soldiers use them. It is also to inform the parties that may be what I feel loyalty, dedicated service and also my interpretation of Military bearing and Discipline. I am explaining the importance of obeying a lawful order from an NCO and performing that order in a timely manner. The NCO support channel is designed to be subo rdinate to and supportive of the chain of command. The NCO supportRead MoreMilitary Respect and Disrespect1438 Words   |  6 PagesI am here to explain what military discipline, military respect, and disrespect are and the history behind these acts are. I will first give the definitions of military discipline; which is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. ay look at you, Discipline helps to complete certain jobs/instructions efficiently and correctly. in the military it is used to train people so that they are good at their job/career as they have improved due to discipline. Disrespect to a Non-CommissionedRead MoreRespect in the Military Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesRespect in the Military It has been said that military standards are higher than the country demands of its president. And that is true. President Clinton lied under oath. Perhaps that is not perjury, but an army officer could not do that. Nor could army personnel have extramarital affairs. Kelly Flynn found that out when she lost her position in the Air Force and years of pilot training went down the drain. But for the Commander in Chief, it is another story. While it is true that theRead MoreMilitary Bearing, Respect and Discipline1989 Words   |  8 PagesMILITARY BEARING, DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT The United States Army is structured on several values and principles that it upholds, among these are military bearing, discipline and respect. These principles represents what the organization strongly believes in and governs the most basic customs and courtesies that all its members should abide by, otherwise legal repercussion and punishment is enforced that could ultimately result in separation from the organization. According to Field Manual 6-22Read MoreRespect and Integrity in the Military Essay2636 Words   |  11 PagesRespect and integrity, what really do those mean? I could look up those words in the Oxford English Dictionary or Websters, or Dictionary.com and give a scientific, perscise and exact answer to these words. And while that tells you what they mean, does that really give their meaning. Well by Dictionary.coms standards respect is a noun that means to hold in esteem or honor, and to show regard or consideration for. And Dictionary.com says that integrity means an adherence to moral and ethical principles;Read MoreMilitary Discipline and Respect for Authority Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY Discipline is used in the civilian world as of coarse the military world. As a basic everyone is expected to address everyone by their proper tittles. In the Army, saluting is to show respect toward an officer, flag, or our country. When talking to an officer, stand at the position of attention unless given the order â€Å"at ease†. discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self control, character, and efficiency. Discipline is theRead MoreRespect: Military and Orders Essay examples1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Following Orders. Why is it important to follow orders and instructions? From a military standpoint the difference can mean life or death for a soldier. On the civilian side it can mean the loss of your job, loss of position, or loss of pay. There are many factors that play into each individual scenario. No two events are ever the same and the outcome can range from a verbal reprimand to the death of the individual. Orders are meant to be obeyed both explicitly and implicitlyRead MoreCorrective Essay: Military Bearing and Respect857 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Field Manual 6-22, â€Å"Military Bearing is defined as having or projecting a commanding presence and a professional image of authority†. The United States Army is structured on several values and principles that it upholds, among these are military bearing, discipline and respect. Leaders should be able to make these big decisions with all his confidence projecting out with his military bearing. A leader should look like a leader, disciplined, confident, and has the skills and abilitiesRead MoreEssay about Customs and courtesies1003 Words   |  5 Pagesthose being respect. Relying on the golden rule, â€Å"How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization.† I believe this is an extremely important value to live by each and every day. As a soldier I pledged to treat others with dignity and respect while expecting others to do the same. Respect is what allows us to appreciate the best in others. Respect is trusting that all people have done their jobs and fulfilled their duty. And self-respect is an important

The Similarities Between Classical Music and Ellingtons...

One of the greatest tragedies in the 20th century can be seen in the debasing of the Jazz genre as a unworthy equal to it’s predecessor, European Classical music. This can be seen in various statements about Jazz, such as Boris Gibalin commit, â€Å"The â€Å"Jazz Mania† has taken on the character of a lingering illness and must be cured by means of forceful intervention.†1 This conflict can be traced through out the history of Jazz, as Classical composers have relatively disregarded this new type of music. Before Duke Ellington’s Cotton Club performances, Jazz play on the radio was delegated for late night audience only. This sub-culture treatment has led many critics to disregard the Jazz movement as a dance craze, or unsuccessful†¦show more content†¦Complete artistic improvisational is only accomplished by the single performer, but â€Å"Yet the moment a group or a collective improvisational steps in some relatively simple and more or less in flexible convention becomes essential if mere chaos is to be kept at bay.†3 This is why Duke Ellington’s Orchestra played such an integrate role in his development of musical scores. It is here that we see the originality of Duke Ellington, for in his tailoring a piece around the performer, he created the impression of pure interpretations within the framework of structure. As Duke once said, â€Å"Another theory they hold is that there is such thing as a unadulterated improvisation without any preparation or anticipation. It is my firm belief that there has never been anyone who has blown even two bars worth listening to who didn’t have some idea what he was going to play, before he started†4 This is an important aspect to bear in mind for this argument, for the mistake that Classical critics make is this distortion of the improvisational aspect to such extremes that one would believe that no compositional writing takes place. While obviously some improvi sation happens in Jazz assembles, it is not that extreme, and in Ellington’s case this improvisation of certain musicians was actually written in the piece. â€Å"Ellington work is centered on the interplay between written and improvised music.†5 As one can see both types of composers utilize their musicians toShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities Between Classical Music and Ellingtons Jazz2455 Words   |  10 Pagesdebasing of the Jazz genre as a unworthy equal to its predecessor, European Classical music. This can be seen in various statements about Jazz, such as Boris Gibalin commit, The Jazz Mania has taken on the character of a lingering illness and must be cured by means of forceful intervention.1 This conflict can be traced through out the history of Jazz, as Classical composers have relatively disregarded this new type of music. Before Duke Ellingtons Cotton Club performances, Jazz play on the radioRead MoreEssay on Charles Mingus in the 1950s3762 Words   |  16 PagesMingus in the 1950s Charles Mingus is one of the most original and influential jazz composers of the twentieth century. He created the second-largest volume of jazz work after Duke Ellington (McDonough 20), and is the first African-American composer to have his work acquired by the Library of Congress (Harrington B1). Mingus is known for his unusual style of composing and playing, which attempted to reconcile jazz improvisation with orchestration, in order for the final composition to conform most

Sources of Law free essay sample

Explain the different sources of Law in England. The legal system in the UK has expanded over many centuries and has also changed regularly during this period. The present UK law consists of four major sources that include the Interpretation of Statues (Acts of Parliament), Common Law, European law and European Court of Human Rights. ‘These sources of Law have all one common element, influenced by political, social and technological change. ’ (Open University, Block 1, Pg 89). This essay will focus on two sources of law, Statue Law and Common Law Statue Law is made by Parliament, i. . the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. Proposals for legislation Bills are presented to debate by and voted upon by the House of Common and the House of Lords, finally receiving the assent of the Monarch and thus becoming Acts (Statutes) of Parliament. ‘Acts of Parliament can originate from a number of sources; for example a national emergency, crisis or developmen t. ’ The Anti Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. This Act was introduced after the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on 11th September 2001’. Another source may derive from ‘Private Member’s Bill’ members of parliament have the authority to introduce their own legislations, an example being ‘The Marriage Act 1994’ this legislation allows people to marry in any registered place other than a Registry Office or religious building’. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 96 and 98). Parliament also has the authority to delegate the task of making laws to someone else this is referred to as ‘delegated legislation’ an example of delegated legislation ‘Byelaws’. Byelaws can be created by councils/local authorities where there is no ‘general legislation’ in place, a typical ‘byelaw’ would be the Greater London Authority Act 1999, section 385(1) this ‘byelaw’ was created to secure the proper management and preservation of Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square Garden (Open University, Block 1, Pg 114,116). Moving on, to look at Common law, Common law is a type of legal system that relies on precedents developed by judges and court cases. The most important concept of a common law system is that cases that are considered to be similar in circumstance to prior cases should result in the same ruling by the court. It is sometimes referred to as case law because it is built upon the results of individual cases. Judges use various rules to interpret legislation, the literal rule, the golden rule, the mischief rule and the purposive approach, looking closely at; the literal rule – as it suggests means that the judge will interpret the words of the Act literally, even if the outcome is unjustified or immoral. The literal rule has been used in numerous cases, such as  Fisher v Bell  [1960] 3 All ER 731. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 181). The golden rule is in effect an alteration of the literal rule. Like the literal rule, they follow the meaning of the words in the Act literally, the golden rule corrects what the judge believes to be an absurd result as in the case of Adler v George [1964] 1 All ER 628. (Open University, Block 1, Pg 182) Advantages/Disadvantages Statue Law/Common Law. Statute law has both advantages and disadvantages; one advantage is the thought that Parliament are more in touch with the outside law than judges. This means that a public opinion is taken into account. Another is that Parliament is free to make law points straight away, rather than waiting for a case to come along. This way, Parliament helps to fill in the gaps of case and common law. 2) Discuss the operation of precendent. The operation of precedent is where the past decisions of the judges create law for future judges to follow. This system relies on the hierarchy of the courts. Every court is bound to follow any decision made by a court higher in the hierarchy and in general appellate courts are bound to follow their own decisions. At the top of the hierarchy is the European Court of Justice, this court only has jurisdiction over some areas of the law such as European law. One main feature of the European Court of Justice is that it will overrule its own decisions if it feels necessary a decision made by the European Court of Justice is binding over all courts in England and Wales. The next court in the hierarchy is The House of Lords which is the most senior court in England and Wales. The House of Lords is not bound by its own decisions, but it will generally follow them. All courts in England and Wales are bound by the House of Lords decision. Following the House of Lords is the Court of Appeal, of which there are two divisions: criminal and civil. The two divisions must follow the decisions made by the House of Lords and the European Court of Justice; they must also follow their own decisions although there are limited exceptions to this rule. Below the Court of Appeal are the divisional courts (Queens Bench Division, Chancery Division and Family Division). The divisional courts have to follow their own decisions but again there are a few exceptions. Below the divisional courts are the High Court. The High Court has to follow all precedents of the higher courts and it binds the lower courts, it does not have to follow decisions but I generally does so. Judicial precedent refers to the source of common law where past decisions of judges create law for future judges t follow. This source is a major source of law both historically and today. The English system of precedent is based upon the Latin phrase; maxim stare decisis et non quieta movere (usually just stare decisis). This translated means; stand by what has been decided and do not unsettle the established. This supports the idea of fairness and certainty in the law. The basic idea is that the higher courts bind the lower courts. The European Court of Justice bounds all English courts and is not bound by its own past decisions. The House Of Lords is binding on all other courts and is bound by all its past decisions, this was true until 1966 when the practice statement was introduced allowing the court not to be bound by its own past decisions if it seas necessary. So previous decisions normally are normally binding unless it appears right not to in a particular case, few cases use the practice statement, as there is a need for certainty. An example of this is the cases of British Railways Board v Herrington (1972), followed by R v R (1991) and Hall v Simons (2000). dvantages and Disadvantages of Statute Law Advantages Parliaments are elected because they have policies people want. Therefore, their laws are likely to be closer to what people want. A Judge might not be in touch with the ideas of ordinary people. Parliament is elected, and it could be said, has the right to make laws. A Judicial Precedent is normally only about one point – an Act of Parliament covers a whole range of things and is therefore more thorough. Disadvantages Acts of Parliament often use difficult language and a lot of time in a case can be spent arguing about what they mean. It takes a long tome to pass an Act of Parliament – the process is slow Advantages and disadvantages of judicial precedent Advantages Because of the hierarchy of courts, it is easier for lawyers to be aware of Precedents and can advise their clients before the go to court. There are opportunities for the law to grow and change. Precedents mean that there is incredible detail in the law (about half a million reported cases). Having examples from before means that it makes it easier to make a good decision. Disadvantages Some courts, particularly the House of Lords is unwilling to overrule old decisions, even when most Law Lords think they are wrong. . The law is slow to change, because it only changes in response to cases coming up

Parenting Styles free essay sample

Reflection Paper. Mr. and Mrs. Harsh Heart believe in the importance of stern discipline and impose strict rules that they expect their children to obey without question. They penalize behavior hars hly, frequently with spanking. Mr. and Mrs. Easygoing do not use punishment to enforce their rules and believe in natural consequences teaching lessons and setting limits on behavior. They have regular fam ily meetings with their children to discuss household rules and their importance to the family dynamic s. These styles of parenting have their advantages and disadvantages. There are ethical and unethical ssues when it comes to discipline with punishment styles as well. The advantages and disadvantages of The Harsh Heart family can lead to positive outcomes and horrible. The Harsh family would be the authoritarian style of parenting. This styl e would be the old fashioned style. This style believes in the usual strict rules with no question. We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequ ences are harsher than normal when looked at the situation. Strict parents hold their students to high standards in academics. The parents dema nd perfect grades from their children and the children most of the time live to those expectation . Strict parents may use the academic performance as a guideline for other activities, such as the childre n will be limited in other fun activities if they do not excel in their school work. The children tend not to s lack off on school work to keep other activities available. Strict parent usually install more confidence in their children. They dont only discipline their children but teach them the importance of discipline. The children become more morally strong and realise that their decisions in life have consequenc es that they must encounter. In a slack, less strict, permissive environment a child can become selfish. A strict family tends to make it equal because the children have to do work Just as the parents do such as chores in the household. The idea of a teamwork is introduced to the child and will become a part of his lifestyle. Kristofor Cooper 2 The downfalls of strict parenting are Just as strong as the good outcomes of strict par enting. The children can become rebellious, if the parents are Just strict but do not allow much or high expectations or do not guide their children, the children may not learn right from wrong themselve . The child may simply Just behave when parents are around. Some strict parents are not open to ide as and forget to communicate with their children. Which give their children communication problems . The child will feel less confident and more insecure. The feelings of the child wont be expressed becau se he may believe his feelings will be criticized or punished. The children will need someone to confide in and the parent may not be available for this role. Studies of Spanish and Brazilian adolescents have reported that teens from authoritarian homes had lower self steem than did teens from authoritative or permissive families (Martinez and Garcia 2007; Martinez and Garcia 2008). Secrets and lies manifest wit hin the relationship between the child and parent. When children are under the pressure of strict rules, they learn how to avoid punishment through lies and deceit. This leads to lying about plac es they are going and friends they hang out with and also activities they do. Sometimes the child in a st rict household does not learn to ma ke responsible situations because the decision was always made for t hem. This can lead o dangerous outcomes and wrongful guidance because they lack the ability to think i ndependently. Sometimes with strict discipline the idea that the person with the most power is alwa ys right can take place within the child and thus he should obey whoever that is or even he may be th e leader of that relationship. As the person grows he may question the authority and be unlikely to ta ke responsibility of his actions and be a victim of peer pressure. Bullying is also another outcome of stric t parenting. Children raised in a strict home become very angry and aggressive. A strict parent m y lack empathy. They dont establish why these rules are there. They Just present the rules and you m ust follow without question. This leads to the child become frustrated in these conditions. A bully is a m Dep 2004 3 relationship between parent and child. The child may be afraid of his parent, and the refore obeys. If a parent yells and uses force on the child, the child may turn to those actions with othe r people. The advantages and disadvantages of the Easygoing family can lead to various outco mes as well. The Easygoing family seems to be an authoritative family. The difference would e that they involve the children in the rules and are open to suggestions and ideas. The children have a voice in this household. The authoritative family is one of the better ways to raise a child in my opinion. They know when step in with discipline and apply the right amount and do not go overboard with the penalty. These parents are flexible and easy to approach even if the child is shy or loudspoken. These parents are stern through love and authority. They install the ability to compromise in the children and the children also become flexible. The parents arent monsters ut they are not pushovers as well. They are more of a mixture of the two and become firm and very reasonable which allows them and the children to communicate better. The parents and children from rules which are reasonable, fair and flexible depending on the lifestyle of both people. These parents listen to the child emotions as well, he knows that the relationship is mutual and respectable. The parent is encouraging the child and allows the child to become responsible be allowing them to make their own decisions. The relationship between the parent and child is healthy, warm, friendly and espectful and knows the right approach to handling disputes and disagreements. The parent does not offend the emotions of the child, yet they understand and become a shoulder for the child to lean on. This creates a sense of security, which lets them know what ever the problem they will always be loved and accepted for the mistakes and circumstances. The authoritative parents understand the need for change and thus flex the freedoms to meet the childs growing sense of autonomy. This helps the children develop into mature, responsible and trustworthy 4 individuals. Because of the connection